क्रिया-विशेषण (kriyaa-visheshan)

noun A grammar term meaning 'adverb' -- literally 'verb-modifier' (क्रिया (kriyaa, 'verb') + विशेषण (visheshan, 'modifier/adjective')). This is a single-sense technical term used mainly in language-learning and school contexts, not everyday conversation.
Sense 1 : the grammatical category 'adverb'
noun, masculine
Frequency: low
Cultural Note: You'll mostly meet this word in a Hindi classroom or grammar textbook -- it's the kind of term a school teacher writes on the blackboard, not something people say at the sabzi mandi (sabzii mandii, 'vegetable market'). Compare संज्ञा (sangyaa, 'noun'), सर्वनाम (sarvnaam, 'pronoun'), and विशेषण (visheshan, 'adjective') -- all part of the same family of grammar terms built for describing Hindi itself.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes confuse this with विशेषण (visheshan) alone, which means 'adjective' -- the क्रिया- (kriyaa) prefix is what specifically marks 'verb-modifier,' i.e. adverb. 2) This word is used to talk about grammar, not as a word you would drop into casual conversation -- you'll meet it in a classroom or textbook, not on the street.
Sample Sentences:
क्रिया-विशेषण उस शब्द को कहते हैं जो क्रिया की विशेषता बताए। An adverb is the term for a word that describes a verb.
(kriyaa-visheshan us shabd ko kahte hain jo kriyaa kii visheshtaa bataae।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
"धीरे-धीरे" एक क्रिया-विशेषण है। "Slowly" is an adverb.
("dhiire-dhiire" ek kriyaa-visheshan hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
इस वाक्य में क्रिया-विशेषण को रेखांकित करो। Underline the adverb in this sentence.
(is vaaky men kriyaa-visheshan ko rekhaankit karo।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
शिक्षिका ने ब्लैकबोर्ड पर क्रिया-विशेषण के तीन उदाहरण लिखे। The teacher wrote three examples of adverbs on the blackboard.
(shikshikaa ne blaikbord par kriyaa-visheshan ke tiin udaahran likhe।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम बता सकते हो कि इस वाक्य में क्रिया-विशेषण कौन सा है? Can you tell which word is the adverb in this sentence?
(kyaa tum bataa sakte ho ki is vaaky men kriyaa-visheshan kaun saa hai?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
परीक्षा में एक प्रश्न क्रिया-विशेषण की पहचान करने के लिए था। One question in the exam was about identifying the adverb.
(pariikshaa men ek prashn kriyaa-visheshan kii pahchaan karne ke lie thaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
व्याकरण की किताब में क्रिया-विशेषण का अध्याय संज्ञा और विशेषण के अध्यायों के बाद आता है। In the grammar book, the chapter on adverbs comes after the chapters on nouns and adjectives.
(vyaakran kii kitaab men kriyaa-visheshan kaa adhyaay sangyaa aur visheshan ke adhyaayon ke baad aataa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यदि कोई शब्द क्रिया को विशेषित करे, तो वह क्रिया-विशेषण कहलाता है। If a word modifies a verb, then it is called an adverb.
(yadi koii shabd kriyaa ko visheshit kare, to vah kriyaa-visheshan kahlaataa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
हिंदी व्याकरण में क्रिया-विशेषण को स्थान, समय, कारण और रीति के आधार पर बाँटा गया है। In Hindi grammar, adverbs are classified on the basis of place, time, cause, and manner.
(hindii vyaakran men kriyaa-visheshan ko sthaan, samay, kaaran aur riiti ke aadhaar par baantaa gayaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Morphology
Noun
(sg.m.direct): क्रिया-विशेषण ([[क्रिया-विशेषण]])
(sg.m.oblique): क्रिया-विशेषण ([[क्रिया-विशेषण]])
(pl.m.direct): क्रिया-विशेषण ([[क्रिया-विशेषण]])
(pl.m.oblique): क्रिया-विशेषणों ([[क्रिया-विशेषणों]])