काल (kaal)

noun Covers three related senses: (1) 'time' or 'era' in a general/philosophical sense, (2) grammatical 'tense' as in verb tenses, and (3) an old-fashioned/literary word for 'death' or 'the god of death'.
Sense 1 : time, era, period
noun, masculine
Synonyms: समय (samay), वक़्त (vaqt), युग (yug, era, broader scope)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: Think of काल (kaal) as the word you'd meet in a history lesson or a philosophical discussion about the nature of time, not in a sentence like 'what time is it'. Compounds like मध्यकाल (madhykaal, medieval period) or स्वतन्त्रता-पूर्व काल (svatantrtaa-poorv kaal, pre-independence era) show up constantly in textbooks and news.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for काल (kaal) where समय (samay) or वक़्त (vaqt) would sound more natural in everyday speech -- काल (kaal) tends to appear in more formal, historical, or philosophical contexts (प्राचीन काल (praachiin kaal, ancient times), वर्तमान काल (vartmaan kaal, present time)) rather than casual conversation about clock-time or scheduling.
Sample Sentences:
प्राचीन काल में लोग तारों को देखकर समय का अनुमान लगाते थे। In ancient times, people used to estimate the time by looking at the stars.
(praachiin kaal men log taaron ko dekhkar samay kaa anumaan lagaate the।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
मध्यकाल में भारत में कई राजवंशों का उदय हुआ। In the medieval period, many dynasties rose in India.
(madhykaal men bhaarat men kaii raajvanshon kaa uday huaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
स्वतन्त्रता-पूर्व काल की कहानियाँ आज भी हमें प्रेरित करती हैं। Stories from the pre-independence era still inspire us today.
(svatantrtaa-poorv kaal kii kahaaniyaan aaj bhii hamen prerit kartii hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
हर काल की अपनी चुनौतियाँ होती हैं। Every era has its own challenges.
(har kaal kii apnii chunautiyaan hotii hain।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यदि उस काल में तकनीक इतनी उन्नत होती, तो इतिहास कुछ और होता। If technology had been this advanced in that era, history would have been different.
(yadi us kaal men takniik itnii unnat hotii, to itihaas kuchh aur hotaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
इस विषय पर आगे चर्चा की जाएगी, ताकि हम उस काल को बेहतर समझ सकें। This topic will be discussed further so that we can better understand that era.
(is vishay par aage charchaa kii jaaegii, taaki ham us kaal ko behtar samajh saken।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Passive
इतिहासकार अक्सर काल को कई युगों में विभाजित करते हैं। Historians often divide time into several eras.
(itihaaskaar aksar kaal ko kaii yugon men vibhaajit karte hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
क्या आपने कभी सोचा है कि काल का प्रवाह कभी नहीं रुकता? Have you ever thought that the flow of time never stops?
(kyaa aapne kabhii sochaa hai ki kaal kaa pravaah kabhii nahiin ruktaa?)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उस काल के साहित्य में समाज की सच्ची झलक मिलती है। In the literature of that era, one finds a true glimpse of society.
(us kaal ke saahity men samaaj kii sachchii jhalak miltii hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
गुप्त काल को भारतीय इतिहास का स्वर्ण युग कहा जाता है। The Gupta period is called the golden age of Indian history.
(gupt kaal ko bhaartiiy itihaas kaa svarn yug kahaa jaataa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Sense 2 : grammatical tense
noun, masculine Used in fixed grammatical terms: भूतकाल (bhootkaal, past tense), वर्तमानकाल (vartmaankaal, present tense), भविष्यकाल (bhavishykaal, future tense).
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This is the word you will see constantly in Hindi grammar books and language classes -- exactly the sense relevant to your own study of verb tenses. It is a direct extension of the 'time' sense, since tense is grammar's way of marking time.
Sample Sentences:
हिंदी में तीन मुख्य काल होते हैं। In Hindi, there are three main tenses.
(hindii men tiin mukhy kaal hote hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यह वाक्य भविष्य काल में है। This sentence is in the future tense.
(yah vaaky bhavishy kaal men hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अध्यापिका ने बोर्ड पर भूतकाल के नियम समझाए। The teacher explained the rules of the past tense on the board.
(adhyaapikaa ne bord par bhootkaal ke niyam samjhaae।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
इस क्रिया का काल पहचानो। Identify the tense of this verb.
(is kriyaa kaa kaal pahchaano।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर तुम काल और वचन का ध्यान रखते, तो वाक्य सही बनता। If you had paid attention to tense and number, the sentence would have been correct.
(agar tum kaal aur vachan kaa dhyaan rakhte, to vaaky sahii bantaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
व्याकरण की किताब में हर काल के उदाहरण दिए गए हैं। Examples of every tense have been given in the grammar book.
(vyaakran kii kitaab men har kaal ke udaahran die gae hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
शायद यह वाक्य वर्तमान काल में हो, मुझे पूरा यकीन नहीं है। Maybe this sentence is in the present tense; I'm not entirely sure.
(shaayad yah vaaky vartmaan kaal men ho, mujhe pooraa yakiin nahiin hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
परीक्षा में काल बदलने के सवाल हमेशा आते हैं। Questions about changing the tense always come up in the exam.
(pariikshaa men kaal badalne ke savaal hameshaa aate hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कृपया इन वाक्यों को भविष्य काल में बदल दीजिए। Please change these sentences into the future tense.
(kripyaa in vaakyon ko bhavishy kaal men badal diijie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
Sense 3 : death, the god of death
noun, masculine
Synonyms: मृत्यु (mrityu), यमराज (yamraaj, the personified god of death)
Frequency: literary
Cultural Note: In this sense काल (kaal) personifies death itself, much like 'the Reaper' in English -- you'll meet it in older literature, mythology, and set idiomatic phrases like काल के गाल में जाना (kaal ke gaal men jaanaa, 'to go into the jaws of death') rather than in casual daily talk.
Sample Sentences:
काल किसी को नहीं छोड़ता। Death spares no one.
(kaal kisii ko nahiin chhodtaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
वह वीर काल के गाल में चला गया। That brave warrior went into the jaws of death.
(vah viir kaal ke gaal men chalaa gayaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
काल सबका अंत करता है। Death brings an end to everyone.
(kaal sabkaa ant kartaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यदि काल न आता तो वह अमर हो जाता। If death had not come, he would have become immortal.
(yadi kaal n aataa to vah amar ho jaataa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
काल का बुलावा किसी को नहीं टाला जा सकता। No one's summons from death can be avoided.
(kaal kaa bulaavaa kisii ko nahiin taalaa jaa saktaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
सैनिक युद्ध में काल के गाल में समा गए। The soldiers were swallowed into the jaws of death in the war.
(sainik yuddh men kaal ke gaal men samaa gae।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
हे काल, तू सबको अपने वश में क्यों करता है? O Death, why do you hold everyone in your grip?
(he kaal, too sabko apne vash men kyon kartaa hai?)
Register: Devotional -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
काल किसी की प्रार्थना नहीं सुनता। Death listens to no one's prayer.
(kaal kisii kii praarthnaa nahiin suntaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कवि ने लिखा कि काल सबसे बड़ा योद्धा है। The poet wrote that death is the greatest warrior of all.
(kavi ne likhaa ki kaal sabse badaa yoddhaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Noun
(sg.m.direct): काल (kaal)
(sg.m.oblique): काल (kaal)
(pl.m.direct): काल (kaal)
(pl.m.oblique): कालों (kaalon)