सर्दी (sardii)

noun Two related everyday senses: the season/weather condition of cold (sardii as in winter, coldness) and the physical ailment of catching a cold. Both come from the same root idea of 'coldness' affecting the body or the atmosphere.
Sense 1 : cold weather; winter; coldness
noun, feminine
Synonyms: जाड़ा (jaadaa), ठंड (thand)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: In Delhi-NCR, सर्दी (sardii) is practically its own season on the calendar -- people mark time by it, swapping out fans for रजाई (rajaaii, quilts) and gathering around bonfires or hot chai. Note the near-synonym जाड़ा (jaadaa), which is more colloquial and often used in the plural जाड़े (jaade) to mean 'the winter months.'
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for ठंडा (thandaa) when they mean the noun 'coldness/winter' -- ठंडा (thandaa) is the adjective 'cold' (describing a thing), while सर्दी (sardii) is the noun naming the season or sensation itself. 2) The common construction is dative-subject: मुझे सर्दी लगती है (mujhe sardii lagtii hai, 'I feel cold') -- learners used to English 'I am cold' try to make सर्दी (sardii) the subject with होना (honaa) instead of pairing it with लगना (lagnaa) and को (ko).
Sample Sentences:
दिल्ली में सर्दी बहुत तेज़ होती है। The cold is very intense in Delhi.
(dillii men sardii bahut tez hotii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पिछले साल सर्दी बहुत जल्दी शुरू हो गई थी। Last year, winter started very early.
(pichhle saal sardii bahut jaldii shuroo ho gaii thii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
इस बार सर्दी बहुत ज़्यादा पड़ेगी, ऐसा अखबार में लिखा है। This time the cold will be extreme, according to the newspaper.
(is baar sardii bahut zyaadaa padegii, aisaa akhbaar men likhaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
रजाई निकाल लो, सर्दी आ गई है। Take out the quilt, winter has arrived.
(rajaaii nikaal lo, sardii aa gaii hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर इतनी सर्दी न होती तो हम आज पिकनिक पर जाते। If it weren't so cold, we would go on a picnic today.
(agar itnii sardii n hotii to ham aaj piknik par jaate।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
मुझे सर्दी से बचने के लिए स्वेटर पहनना चाहिए। I should wear a sweater to protect myself from the cold.
(mujhe sardii se bachne ke lie svetar pahannaa chaahie।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
सर्दी के मौसम में लोग अलाव के पास बैठकर चाय पीते हैं। In the winter season, people sit by bonfires and drink chai.
(sardii ke mausam men log alaav ke paas baithkar chaay piite hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम्हें सर्दी लग रही है? Are you feeling cold?
(kyaa tumhen sardii lag rahii hai?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पहाड़ों पर सर्दी में इतनी बर्फ़ पड़ती है कि रास्ते बंद हो जाते हैं। In the mountains, so much snow falls in winter that the roads get closed.
(pahaadon par sardii men itnii barf padtii hai ki raaste band ho jaate hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
सर्दी में जल्दी अंधेरा हो जाता है, इसलिए सब घर पहुँचने की जल्दी करते हैं। It gets dark early in winter, so everyone hurries to reach home.
(sardii men jaldii andheraa ho jaataa hai, islie sab ghar pahunchne kii jaldii karte hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
शीत ऋतु की सर्दी प्रकृति को एक नई चादर से ढक देती है। The cold of the winter season covers nature with a new sheet.
(shiit ritu kii sardii prakriti ko ek naii chaadar se dhak detii hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : a cold (the common ailment)
noun, feminine Used with होना (honaa) or लगना (lagnaa) in the fixed expression सर्दी-जुकाम (sardii-jukaam, 'cold and flu-like symptoms'), which is how the ailment is most often described in everyday speech.
Synonyms: जुकाम (jukaam)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: Almost every household in North India has a go-to home remedy for सर्दी-जुकाम (sardii-jukaam) -- adrak wali chai (ginger tea), haldi doodh (turmeric milk), or a spoon of shahad-adrak (honey-ginger) -- before anyone reaches for medicine.
Common Mistakes: 1) The illness sense is usually expressed as मुझे सर्दी हो गई है (mujhe sardii ho gaii hai, 'I've caught a cold') -- learners sometimes say मैं सर्दी हूँ (main sardii hoon) by analogy with English 'I am cold,' which is incorrect; the experiencer takes को (ko), not the subject role. 2) Distinguishing this from Sense 1 (the season) purely by context is normal for native speakers, but learners sometimes think a separate word is needed -- it is the same word, disambiguated by verb and context.
Sample Sentences:
मुझे सर्दी हो गई है। I've caught a cold.
(mujhe sardii ho gaii hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
बारिश में भीगने की वजह से उसे सर्दी-जुकाम हो गया। He caught a cold from getting soaked in the rain.
(baarish men bhiigne kii vajah se use sardii-jukaam ho gayaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
जब भी मौसम बदलता है, मुझे सर्दी हो जाती है। Whenever the weather changes, I catch a cold.
(jab bhii mausam badaltaa hai, mujhe sardii ho jaatii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
सर्दी में अदरक वाली चाय पी लो, सर्दी जल्दी ठीक हो जाएगी। Drink some ginger tea when you have a cold, it'll get better quickly.
(sardii men adrak vaalii chaay pii lo, sardii jaldii thiik ho jaaegii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
अगर तुमने गरम कपड़े पहने होते, तो तुम्हें सर्दी नहीं होती। If you had worn warm clothes, you wouldn't have caught a cold.
(agar tumne garam kapde pahne hote, to tumhen sardii nahiin hotii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Perfective -- Voice: Active
डॉक्टर ने कहा कि मुझे सिर्फ हल्की सर्दी है, कुछ गंभीर नहीं। The doctor said I just have a mild cold, nothing serious.
(doktar ne kahaa ki mujhe sirph halkii sardii hai, kuchh gambhiir nahiin।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
सर्दी-जुकाम में हल्दी वाला दूध पीने से बहुत आराम मिलता है। Drinking turmeric milk gives a lot of relief when you have a cold.
(sardii-jukaam men haldii vaalaa doodh piine se bahut aaraam miltaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
काश मुझे सर्दी न हुई होती, कल की पार्टी में जाना था। I wish I hadn't caught a cold, I was supposed to go to tomorrow's party.
(kaash mujhe sardii n huii hotii, kal kii paartii men jaanaa thaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Perfective -- Voice: Active
सर्दी होने पर एक चम्मच शहद-अदरक चाट लेना चाहिए। When you have a cold, you should have a spoonful of honey-ginger.
(sardii hone par ek chammach shahad-adrak chaat lenaa chaahie।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसकी सर्दी की वजह से आवाज़ भारी हो रही थी। Because of her cold, her voice was getting heavy.
(uskii sardii kii vajah se aavaaz bhaarii ho rahii thii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
सर्दी की दवा समय पर ली जानी चाहिए, वरना तबीयत और बिगड़ सकती है। The medicine for a cold should be taken on time, otherwise the condition may worsen.
(sardii kii davaa samay par lii jaanii chaahie, varnaa tabiiyat aur bigad saktii hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Morphology
Noun
(sg.f.direct): सर्दी (sardii)
(sg.f.oblique): सर्दी (sardii)
(pl.f.direct): सर्दियाँ (sardiyaan)
(pl.f.oblique): सर्दियों (sardiyon)