मुक़दमा (muqadmaa)

noun Mainly a legal term meaning a court case or lawsuit; also used loosely to mean a dispute or wrangle. Also spelled मुकदमा (mukadmaa) without the nuqta.
Sense 1 : court case, lawsuit
noun, masculine
Synonyms: केस (kes), वाद (vaad, formal/legal), अभियोग (abhiyog, formal/legal)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: You will hear this word constantly on the news -- अदालत में मुक़दमा चल रहा है (adaalat men muqadmaa chal rahaa hai, 'a case is running in court') is a standard headline construction. Family elders also use it half-jokingly for long, drawn-out disputes, as in property fights between relatives.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for केस (kes) exclusively, but मुक़दमा (muqadmaa) is the native word native speakers actually use in everyday talk about court proceedings, not just a formal register option. 2) The common verb pairing is मुक़दमा चलाना (muqadmaa chalaanaa, 'to prosecute/run a case against someone') or मुक़दमा दायर करना (muqadmaa daayar karnaa, 'to file a case') -- learners sometimes use करना (karnaa) alone, which sounds incomplete.
Sample Sentences:
अदालत में मुक़दमा चल रहा है। A case is running in court.
(adaalat men muqadmaa chal rahaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसने अपने पड़ोसी के ख़िलाफ़ मुक़दमा दायर किया। He filed a case against his neighbor.
(usne apne padosii ke khilaaf muqadmaa daayar kiyaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
यह मुक़दमा पिछले दस सालों से चल रहा है। This case has been going on for the last ten years.
(yah muqadmaa pichhle das saalon se chal rahaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर तुम मुझसे उलझोगे तो मैं तुम पर मुक़दमा कर दूँगा। If you mess with me, I will file a lawsuit against you.
(agar tum mujhse uljhoge to main tum par muqadmaa kar doongaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
मुक़दमा अगली सुनवाई तक टाल दिया गया। The case was postponed until the next hearing.
(muqadmaa aglii sunvaaii tak taal diyaa gayaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
काश यह मुक़दमा इतना लंबा न खिंचता। If only this case had not dragged on so long.
(kaash yah muqadmaa itnaa lambaa n khinchtaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
मुक़दमा जीतने के लिए तुम्हें एक अच्छा वकील रखना चाहिए। To win the case, you should hire a good lawyer.
(muqadmaa jiitne ke lie tumhen ek achchhaa vakiil rakhnaa chaahie।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
चाचा और उनके भाई के बीच जमीन का मुक़दमा सालों से चल रहा है। There has been a property lawsuit going on between uncle and his brother for years.
(chaachaa aur unke bhaaii ke biich jamiin kaa muqadmaa saalon se chal rahaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मुक़दमे की सुनवाई अगले हफ़्ते होगी। The case's hearing will take place next week.
(muqadme kii sunvaaii agle hafte hogii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
क्या तुमने वह मुक़दमा जीत लिया? Did you win that case?
(kyaa tumne vah muqadmaa jiit liyaa?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
माननीय न्यायालय द्वारा मुक़दमे का फ़ैसला सुनाया जाएगा। The verdict of the case will be pronounced by the honorable court.
(maanniiy nyaayaalay dvaaraa muqadme kaa faislaa sunaayaa jaaegaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Passive
Sense 2 : dispute, quarrel (figurative)
noun, masculine
Synonyms: झगड़ा (jhagdaa), विवाद (vivaad)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: In casual speech, especially among older Delhi-NCR folks, कोई मुक़दमा नहीं है (koii muqadmaa nahiin hai, 'there's no big issue here') can mean 'let's not make this into a big deal,' borrowing the courtroom weight of the legal sense for everyday friction.
Sample Sentences:
इतनी सी बात पर मुक़दमा खड़ा मत करो। Don't turn such a small thing into a big quarrel.
(itnii sii baat par muqadmaa khadaa mat karo।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अरे कोई मुक़दमा नहीं है, चाय पियो और भूल जाओ। Oh, it's no big deal, drink your tea and forget it.
(are koii muqadmaa nahiin hai, chaay piyo aur bhool jaao।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
भाइयों के बीच ज़मीन को लेकर पुराना मुक़दमा चलता रहता है। There's an old running quarrel between the brothers over the land.
(bhaaiyon ke biich zamiin ko lekar puraanaa muqadmaa chaltaa rahtaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पड़ोसियों के साथ पार्किंग को लेकर मुक़दमा हो गया था। A quarrel had broken out with the neighbors over parking.
(padosiyon ke saath paarking ko lekar muqadmaa ho gayaa thaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
काश यह मुक़दमा इतना न बढ़ता। I wish this quarrel hadn't escalated so much.
(kaash yah muqadmaa itnaa n badhtaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
अगर वह चुप रहता तो यह मुक़दमा कभी न होता। If he had stayed quiet, this quarrel would never have happened.
(agar vah chup rahtaa to yah muqadmaa kabhii n hotaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
उम्मीद है दोनों परिवारों के बीच का यह मुक़दमा जल्दी सुलझ जाए। Hopefully this quarrel between the two families gets resolved soon.
(ummiid hai donon parivaaron ke biich kaa yah muqadmaa jaldii sulajh jaae।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
छोटी सी बात पर मुक़दमा बना लेना उसकी पुरानी आदत है। Turning small things into a big quarrel is his old habit.
(chhotii sii baat par muqadmaa banaa lenaa uskii puraanii aadat hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
इस बार का मुक़दमा तो पिछली बार से भी बड़ा हो गया। This time the quarrel got even bigger than last time.
(is baar kaa muqadmaa to pichhlii baar se bhii badaa ho gayaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Noun
(sg.m.direct): मुक़दमा (muqadmaa)
(sg.m.oblique): मुक़दमे (muqadme)
(pl.m.direct): मुक़दमे (muqadme)
(pl.m.oblique): मुक़दमों (muqadmon)