स्वभाव (svabhaav)

noun A noun meaning 'nature, temperament, disposition' -- the inherent character of a person, animal, or thing. Mostly one core sense, used constantly in everyday talk about people's personalities.
Sense 1 : innate nature, temperament, disposition of a person
noun, masculine
Synonyms: मिज़ाज (mizaaj), प्रकृति (prakriti, formal), आदत (aadat, habit, not quite the same but often used loosely), फ़ितरत (fitrat)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: Hindi speakers reach for स्वभाव (svabhaav) constantly when sizing someone up: वह बहुत मिलनसार स्वभाव का है (vah bahut milansaar svabhaav kaa hai, 'he has a very friendly nature') is classic small-talk phrasing at a family gathering. It carries a sense of something you're born with or deeply ingrained, close to the English 'nature' in 'it's just his nature' -- pairs nicely with the saying स्वभाव नहीं बदलता (svabhaav nahiin badaltaa, 'one's nature doesn't change').
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often confuse स्वभाव (svabhaav) with आदत (aadat): स्वभाव (svabhaav) is a person's underlying, largely fixed temperament ('he's naturally short-tempered'), while आदत (aadat) is a learned habit ('he bites his nails'). Saying उसकी आदत है गुस्सा करना (uskii aadat hai gussaa karnaa, 'his habit is to get angry') sounds odd where a native speaker would say उसका स्वभाव गुस्सैल है (uskaa svabhaav gussail hai, 'his nature is short-tempered'). 2) The common frame is X का स्वभाव ऐसा है (X kaa svabhaav aisaa hai) or X के स्वभाव में है (X ke svabhaav men hai) -- learners sometimes try to make स्वभाव (svabhaav) the subject of an action verb instead of describing it with है (hai) or होना (honaa).
Sample Sentences:
वह बहुत मिलनसार स्वभाव का है। He has a very friendly nature.
(vah bahut milansaar svabhaav kaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कहते हैं कि स्वभाव नहीं बदलता। They say one's nature doesn't change.
(kahte hain ki svabhaav nahiin badaltaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मेरी दादी का स्वभाव बहुत गुस्सैल था। My grandmother's temperament was very short-tempered.
(merii daadii kaa svabhaav bahut gussail thaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
काश उसका स्वभाव थोड़ा नरम होता। If only his nature were a bit gentler.
(kaash uskaa svabhaav thodaa naram hotaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
अगर उसका स्वभाव इतना जिद्दी न होता, तो हम अब तक दोस्त होते। If his temperament weren't so stubborn, we would still be friends.
(agar uskaa svabhaav itnaa jiddii n hotaa, to ham ab tak dost hote।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
अपने स्वभाव को समझो और उसी के अनुसार काम चुनो। Understand your own nature and choose your work accordingly.
(apne svabhaav ko samjho aur usii ke anusaar kaam chuno।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
शायद उसका स्वभाव बचपन के माहौल से बना हो। Perhaps his temperament was shaped by his childhood environment.
(shaayad uskaa svabhaav bachpan ke maahaul se banaa ho।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Passive
साक्षात्कार में उम्मीदवार का स्वभाव भी परखा जाता है। In the interview, the candidate's temperament is also assessed.
(saakshaatkaar men ummiidvaar kaa svabhaav bhii parkhaa jaataa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
मनुष्य का स्वभाव सुख की खोज में सदा भटकता रहता है। Man's nature forever wanders in search of happiness.
(manushy kaa svabhaav sukh kii khoj men sadaa bhataktaa rahtaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसका स्वभाव देखकर मुझे यकीन नहीं होता कि वह इतना बड़ा फैसला लेगा। Seeing his temperament, I can't believe he will take such a big decision.
(uskaa svabhaav dekhkar mujhe yakiin nahiin hotaa ki vah itnaa badaa phaislaa legaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
उसका स्वभाव पूरी तरह बदल गया है, अब वह पहले जैसा गुस्सैल नहीं रहा। His nature has completely changed; he isn't as hot-tempered as before now.
(uskaa svabhaav poorii tarah badal gayaa hai, ab vah pahle jaisaa gussail nahiin rahaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : inherent nature or property of a thing (extended, non-human use)
noun, masculine Used for the inherent tendency or property of animals, substances, or abstract things, not just people, e.g. पानी का स्वभाव है बहना (paanii kaa svabhaav hai bahnaa, 'it is water's nature to flow').
Synonyms: प्रकृति (prakriti), गुण (gun, quality/property, close but broader)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This extended use shows up in more reflective or philosophical speech -- talking about the स्वभाव (svabhaav) of fire, of an animal, or even of the mind in casual spiritual conversation, echoing how Hindi treats 'nature' as something every entity carries, not just people.
Sample Sentences:
आग का स्वभाव है कि वह जलाती है। It is the nature of fire that it burns.
(aag kaa svabhaav hai ki vah jalaatii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पानी का स्वभाव है कि वह नीचे की ओर बहता है। It is water's nature to flow downward.
(paanii kaa svabhaav hai ki vah niiche kii or bahtaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
साँप का स्वभाव डसना होता है, यह उसकी फितरत में है। A snake's nature is to bite -- it's in its inherent character.
(saamp kaa svabhaav dasnaa hotaa hai, yah uskii phitrat men hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मन का स्वभाव है कि वह कभी स्थिर नहीं रहता। It is the nature of the mind that it never stays still.
(man kaa svabhaav hai ki vah kabhii sthir nahiin rahtaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
क्या धातुओं का स्वभाव गर्म होने पर बदल जाता है? Does the inherent property of metals change when heated?
(kyaa dhaatuon kaa svabhaav garm hone par badal jaataa hai?)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर पदार्थों का स्वभाव न बदलता, तो विज्ञान की कोई ज़रूरत ही न होती। If the inherent nature of substances never changed, there would be no need for science at all.
(agar padaarthon kaa svabhaav n badaltaa, to vigyaan kii koii zaroorat hii n hotii।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
प्रकृति के हर तत्व का अपना स्वभाव होता है। Every element of nature has its own inherent character.
(prakriti ke har tatv kaa apnaa svabhaav hotaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
गुरुजी कहते थे कि हर वस्तु का स्वभाव समझना ही सच्चा ज्ञान है। The teacher used to say that understanding the inherent nature of every object is true knowledge.
(gurujii kahte the ki har vastu kaa svabhaav samajhnaa hii sachchaa gyaan hai।)
Register: Devotional -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
हवा का स्वभाव समझे बिना तूफ़ान का अंदाज़ा नहीं लगाया जा सकता। Without understanding the nature of wind, a storm cannot be predicted.
(havaa kaa svabhaav samjhe binaa toofaan kaa andaazaa nahiin lagaayaa jaa saktaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
इस पौधे का स्वभाव है कि यह छाया में भी पनप जाता है। It's this plant's nature to thrive even in the shade.
(is paudhe kaa svabhaav hai ki yah chhaayaa men bhii panap jaataa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Noun
(sg.m.direct): स्वभाव (svabhaav)
(sg.m.oblique): स्वभाव (svabhaav)
(pl.m.direct): स्वभाव (svabhaav)
(pl.m.oblique): स्वभावों (svabhaavon)