समुद्र (samudr)

noun A single-sense noun meaning 'sea' or 'ocean', used both literally and in common figurative expressions for vastness or abundance.
Sense 1 : sea, ocean
noun, masculine
Synonyms: सागर (saagar), सिंधु (sindhu, literary)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: For a landlocked city like Delhi, समुद्र (samudr) carries a bit of romance and distance -- it's the word for the beach vacations to Goa or Mumbai that people dream about. It also shows up often in figurative phrases like ज्ञान का समुद्र (gyaan kaa samudr, 'an ocean of knowledge') to describe someone deeply learned, or दुखों का समुद्र (dukhon kaa samudr, 'an ocean of sorrows') for overwhelming grief -- the sea as a stock image for anything vast and deep.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes use सागर (saagar) and समुद्र (samudr) as if there's a meaning difference -- in everyday speech they're interchangeable, though समुद्र (samudr) is the more common default choice. 2) In figurative use like दुःख का समुद्र (duhkh kaa samudr, 'an ocean of sorrow'), the possessive की/का construction is used to show 'an ocean of [something]', which learners sometimes try to render with a different postposition.
Sample Sentences:
गोवा का समुद्र बहुत सुंदर है। The sea in Goa is very beautiful.
(govaa kaa samudr bahut sundar hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
हम हर गर्मियों में समुद्र देखने जाते हैं। We go to see the sea every summer.
(ham har garmiyon men samudr dekhne jaate hain।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पिछली छुट्टियों में हमने पहली बार समुद्र देखा था। On our last vacation, we saw the sea for the first time.
(pichhlii chhuttiyon men hamne pahlii baar samudr dekhaa thaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगले साल हम समुद्र किनारे घर बनाएंगे। Next year we will build a house by the sea.
(agle saal ham samudr kinaare ghar banaaenge।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
क्या तुमने कभी समुद्र में तूफान देखा है? Have you ever seen a storm on the sea?
(kyaa tumne kabhii samudr men toophaan dekhaa hai?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
वह किनारे पर बैठा समुद्र की लहरें निहार रहा था। He was sitting on the shore, gazing at the sea's waves.
(vah kinaare par baithaa samudr kii lahren nihaar rahaa thaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर मैं मुंबई में रहता, तो हर हफ्ते समुद्र जाता। If I lived in Mumbai, I would go to the sea every week.
(agar main mumbaii men rahtaa, to har haphte samudr jaataa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
गुरुजी ज्ञान का समुद्र हैं, उनसे जो पूछो वे बता देते हैं। The teacher is an ocean of knowledge -- whatever you ask him, he explains.
(gurujii gyaan kaa samudr hain, unse jo poochho ve bataa dete hain।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसकी मौत के बाद वह दुखों के समुद्र में डूब गई। After his death, she was drowned in an ocean of sorrows.
(uskii maut ke baad vah dukhon ke samudr men doob gaii।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
समुद्र इतना विशाल है कि उसका किनारा दिखाई ही नहीं देता। The sea is so vast that its shore isn't even visible.
(samudr itnaa vishaal hai ki uskaa kinaaraa dikhaaii hii nahiin detaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
समुद्र में इतनी मात्रा में प्लास्टिक फेंका जाता है कि मछलियाँ मर जाती हैं। So much plastic is thrown into the sea that fish die.
(samudr men itnii maatraa men plaastik phenkaa jaataa hai ki machhliyaan mar jaatii hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Morphology
Noun
(sg.m.direct): समुद्र (samudr)
(sg.m.oblique): समुद्र (samudr)
(pl.m.direct): समुद्र (samudr)
(pl.m.oblique): समुद्रों (samudron)