वर्ण (varn)

noun Mainly a somewhat formal/technical word: a written or spoken 'letter/sound' in phonetics and grammar, and by extension the old caste/class category. Everyday speech usually prefers अक्षर (akshar) for 'letter' and जाति (jaati) for 'caste'.
Sense 1 : a letter or phonetic sound unit
noun, masculine
Synonyms: अक्षर (akshar)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This is the word you meet in school grammar books under वर्णमाला (varnmaalaa, 'alphabet' -- literally 'garland of letters'), a lovely image of the Devanagari letters strung together like flowers.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for वर्ण (varn) when they mean an ordinary written 'letter' in daily contexts (like a letter of the alphabet on a sign or in a text message) -- अक्षर (akshar) is the natural everyday choice there, while वर्ण (varn) shows up mainly in grammar class or linguistic discussion (e्.g. स्वर वर्ण (svar varn, 'vowel sound') vs व्यंजन वर्ण (vyanjan varn, 'consonant sound')).
Sample Sentences:
हिंदी वर्णमाला में कुल कितने वर्ण हैं? How many letters are there in total in the Hindi alphabet?
(hindii varnmaalaa men kul kitne varn hain?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अध्यापिका बच्चों को वर्णों की पहचान करवा रही थीं। The teacher was making the children identify the letters.
(adhyaapikaa bachchon ko varnon kii pahchaan karvaa rahii thiin।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
हर वर्ण का अपना एक उच्चारण-स्थान होता है। Every sound unit has its own place of articulation.
(har varn kaa apnaa ek uchchaaran-sthaan hotaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
इस शब्द में कुल पाँच वर्ण हैं। This word has five letters in total.
(is shabd men kul paanch varn hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
स्वर और व्यंजन, दोनों ही वर्ण कहलाते हैं। Both vowels and consonants are called letters (varn).
(svar aur vyanjan, donon hii varn kahlaate hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
कृपया हर वर्ण को साफ-साफ लिखें ताकि पढ़ने में आसानी हो। Please write every letter clearly so that it is easy to read.
(kripyaa har varn ko saaph-saaph likhen taaki padhne men aasaanii ho।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर वह वर्णों को सही क्रम में लिखता, तो शब्द ठीक बनता। If he had written the letters in the right order, the word would have come out correctly.
(agar vah varnon ko sahii kram men likhtaa, to shabd thiik bantaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
संस्कृत वर्णमाला में स्वर और व्यंजन मिलाकर उनचास वर्ण गिने जाते हैं। In the Sanskrit alphabet, vowels and consonants together are counted as forty-nine letters.
(sanskrit varnmaalaa men svar aur vyanjan milaakar unchaas varn gine jaate hain।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
शायद इस पांडुलिपि में कुछ वर्ण मिट गए हों। Perhaps some letters have been erased in this manuscript.
(shaayad is paandulipi men kuchh varn mit gae hon।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
बच्चे तख्ती पर वर्णमाला के वर्ण बार-बार लिखते थे। The children used to write the alphabet's letters again and again on the slate.
(bachche takhtii par varnmaalaa ke varn baar-baar likhte the।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : caste or social class (traditional four-fold division)
noun, masculine
Synonyms: जाति (jaati)
Frequency: low
Cultural Note: This sense carries real historical and social weight in India; it appears in scholarly, religious, and historical discussion (e.g. वर्ण व्यवस्था (varn vyavasthaa, 'the caste system')) rather than casual chat, where जाति (jaati) dominates.
Common Mistakes: 1) वर्ण (varn) refers to the broad four-fold classical division (ब्राह्मण (braahman), क्षत्रिय (kshatriy), वैश्य (vaishy), शूद्र (shoodr)), while जाति (jaati) is the word used in everyday speech and in modern social/political contexts (sub-castes, caste identity, reservation policy) -- the two are related but not interchangeable, and learners should default to जाति (jaati) for contemporary conversation.
Sample Sentences:
प्राचीन भारत में समाज चार वर्णों में विभाजित था। In ancient India, society was divided into four castes.
(praachiin bhaarat men samaaj chaar varnon men vibhaajit thaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
वर्ण व्यवस्था का उल्लेख प्राचीन ग्रंथों में मिलता है। A mention of the caste system is found in ancient texts.
(varn vyavasthaa kaa ullekh praachiin granthon men miltaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
विद्वान इस बात पर बहस करते हैं कि वर्ण व्यवस्था कैसे विकसित हुई। Scholars debate how the caste system developed.
(vidvaan is baat par bahas karte hain ki varn vyavasthaa kaise viksit huii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यह ग्रंथ ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय, वैश्य और शूद्र इन चार वर्णों का वर्णन करता है। This text describes these four castes: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.
(yah granth braahman, kshatriy, vaishy aur shoodr in chaar varnon kaa varnan kartaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यदि वर्ण व्यवस्था इतनी कठोर न होती, तो सामाजिक इतिहास कुछ और होता। If the caste system had not been so rigid, social history would have been different.
(yadi varn vyavasthaa itnii kathor n hotii, to saamaajik itihaas kuchh aur hotaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
संविधान ने वर्ण के आधार पर भेदभाव को समाप्त कर दिया। The Constitution abolished discrimination on the basis of caste.
(sanvidhaan ne varn ke aadhaar par bhedbhaav ko samaapt kar diyaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
समाजशास्त्र की कक्षा में वर्ण और जाति के अंतर को समझाया जाएगा। In the sociology class, the difference between varna and caste will be explained.
(samaajshaastr kii kakshaa men varn aur jaati ke antar ko samjhaayaa jaaegaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Passive
क्या वर्ण के आधार पर किसी का मूल्यांकन करना उचित है? Is it right to judge someone on the basis of caste?
(kyaa varn ke aadhaar par kisii kaa moolyaankan karnaa uchit hai?)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मनुस्मृति में वर्ण के कर्तव्यों का विस्तार से उल्लेख किया गया है। The duties of each caste are described in detail in the Manusmriti.
(manusmriti men varn ke kartavyon kaa vistaar se ullekh kiyaa gayaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Sense 3 : color (literary/classical sense)
noun, masculine
Synonyms: रंग (rang)
Frequency: literary
Cultural Note: This is the literal root meaning of वर्ण (varn) -- 'color' -- from which the caste sense historically extended (skin/complexion associations in ancient texts); in modern speech, though, रंग (rang) is what you will actually hear for color.
Sample Sentences:
कवि ने आकाश के वर्णों का वर्णन किया। The poet described the colors of the sky.
(kavi ne aakaash ke varnon kaa varnan kiyaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
उसका मुख-वर्ण स्वर्ण के समान चमकता था। Her facial hue shone like gold.
(uskaa mukh-varn svarn ke samaan chamaktaa thaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
पुष्प के वर्ण में एक अनोखी आभा थी। There was a unique glow in the color of the flower.
(pushp ke varn men ek anokhii aabhaa thii।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
शास्त्रों में इंद्रधनुष के सात वर्णों का उल्लेख मिलता है। In the scriptures, mention is found of the rainbow's seven colors.
(shaastron men indradhnush ke saat varnon kaa ullekh miltaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यदि उसका वर्ण श्वेत होता, तो वह हिम-सा प्रतीत होता। If its color had been white, it would have appeared like snow.
(yadi uskaa varn shvet hotaa, to vah him-saa pratiit hotaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
इस पत्र के वर्ण की व्याख्या कवि द्वारा की गई थी। The color of this leaf had been described by the poet.
(is patr ke varn kii vyaakhyaa kavi dvaaraa kii gaii thii।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
हे देवी, तेरा वर्ण स्वर्णिम है, तू ही सृष्टि की शोभा है। O goddess, your hue is golden, you alone are the glory of creation.
(he devii, teraa varn svarnim hai, too hii srishti kii shobhaa hai।)
Register: Devotional -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कल्पना करो कि उस पुष्प का वर्ण नीला हो। Imagine that the color of that flower be blue.
(kalpnaa karo ki us pushp kaa varn niilaa ho।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
संध्या के समय आकाश का वर्ण बदलता रहता है। At dusk, the color of the sky keeps changing.
(sandhyaa ke samay aakaash kaa varn badaltaa rahtaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Noun
(sg.m.direct): वर्ण (varn)
(sg.m.oblique): वर्ण (varn)
(pl.m.direct): वर्ण (varn)
(pl.m.oblique): वर्णों (varnon)