कुल (kul)

adjective/adverb/noun कुल (kul) covers two related ideas: as an adjective/adverb it means 'total, in all,' and as a noun it means 'family lineage, clan.'
Sense 1 : total, entire (quantifying a following noun)
adjective Placed before a noun (often a number + noun) to give a grand total: कुल पाँच लोग (kul paanch log, 'a total of five people').
Synonyms: समस्त (samast, formal), पूरा (pooraa)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: You will hear this constantly in everyday counting contexts -- a shopkeeper totting up your bill might say कुल कितना हुआ? (kul kitnaa huaa, 'what does it total to?'). It pairs naturally with numbers, much like 'in all' or 'altogether' in English.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes treat कुल (kul) as inflecting like a regular adjective, but it stays invariant regardless of the gender/number of the noun it modifies -- कुल लड़कियाँ (kul ladkiyaan) not कुली/कुले.
Sample Sentences:
कुल कितना हुआ? What is the total?
(kul kitnaa huaa?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
इस कक्षा में कुल पचास छात्र हैं। There are a total of fifty students in this class.
(is kakshaa men kul pachaas chhaatr hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
हमारे देश में कुल अट्ठाईस राज्य हैं। There are a total of twenty-eight states in our country.
(hamaare desh men kul atthaaiis raajy hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पिछले साल कंपनी का कुल मुनाफ़ा दस करोड़ रुपये था। Last year the company's total profit was ten crore rupees.
(pichhle saal kampnii kaa kul munaafaa das karod rupye thaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर सब कुछ ठीक रहा, तो कुल लागत बीस हज़ार रुपये होगी। If everything goes fine, the total cost will be twenty thousand rupees.
(agar sab kuchh thiik rahaa, to kul laagat biis hazaar rupye hogii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
कुल जनसंख्या की गणना अगले महीने की जाएगी। The total population will be counted next month.
(kul jansankhyaa kii gannaa agle mahiine kii jaaegii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Passive
कुल खर्च यहाँ लिख दो, ताकि हिसाब साफ़ रहे। Write the total expense here, so the accounts stay clear.
(kul kharch yahaan likh do, taaki hisaab saaf rahe।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
काश कुल समय थोड़ा ज़्यादा होता, तो हम सारा काम खत्म कर पाते। If only the total time had been a bit more, we could have finished all the work.
(kaash kul samay thodaa zyaadaa hotaa, to ham saaraa kaam khatm kar paate।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
इस प्रोजेक्ट में कुल कितने लोग काम कर रहे हैं? How many people in total are working on this project?
(is projekt men kul kitne log kaam kar rahe hain?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मुझे नहीं पता कि कुल कितने पैसे लगेंगे, पर ज़्यादा नहीं होंगे। I don't know how much money it will total, but it won't be much.
(mujhe nahiin pataa ki kul kitne paise lagenge, par zyaadaa nahiin honge।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
कुल बजट पहले ही तय किया जा चुका था। The total budget had already been decided.
(kul bajat pahle hii tay kiyaa jaa chukaa thaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
Sense 2 : in all, altogether (summing up a quantity)
adverb Functions adverbially when it sums up a clause or amount rather than directly modifying a single noun phrase, often with मिलाकर (milaakar) for emphasis: कुल मिलाकर (kul milaakar, 'all in all').
Synonyms: मिलाकर (milaakar, 'when added up'), जोड़कर (jodkar, 'when added up')
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: कुल मिलाकर (kul milaakar, 'all in all') is one of the most common ways Hindi speakers wrap up an opinion or summary, much like English 'overall' -- you'll hear it constantly at the end of a story, review, or explanation.
Sample Sentences:
कुल मिलाकर पार्टी अच्छी रही। All in all, the party went well.
(kul milaakar paartii achchhii rahii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
कमरे में कुल पाँच लोग थे। There were five people in total in the room.
(kamre men kul paanch log the।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
इस काम में कुल कितना खर्च आएगा? How much will it cost in total for this work?
(is kaam men kul kitnaa kharch aaegaa?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
कुल मिलाकर उसका प्रदर्शन संतोषजनक रहा। Overall, his performance was satisfactory.
(kul milaakar uskaa pradarshan santoshajnak rahaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर सब मिल जाएँ, तो कुल संख्या पूरी हो जाएगी। If everyone joins, the total number will be complete.
(agar sab mil jaaen, to kul sankhyaa poorii ho jaaegii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
कुल मिलाकर देखा जाए तो यह फ़ैसला सही था। Taking it all together, this decision was the right one.
(kul milaakar dekhaa jaae to yah faislaa sahii thaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
सारे खर्चे जोड़ लो, कुल कितना बनता है। Add up all the expenses -- how much does it come to in total.
(saare kharche jod lo, kul kitnaa bantaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यदि सारे आँकड़े सही होते, तो कुल संख्या और बड़ी होती। If all the figures had been correct, the total number would have been bigger.
(yadi saare aankde sahii hote, to kul sankhyaa aur badii hotii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
कुल मिलाकर, इस साल की फसल पिछले साल से बेहतर रही। All in all, this year's crop was better than last year's.
(kul milaakar, is saal kii phasal pichhle saal se behtar rahii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
दोनों टीमों के मिलाकर कुल गोल कितने हुए? How many goals were there in total, combining both teams?
(donon tiimon ke milaakar kul gol kitne hue?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Sense 3 : family lineage, clan, dynasty
noun, masculine
Synonyms: वंश (vansh), खानदान (khaandaan)
Frequency: low
Cultural Note: This older sense of कुल (kul) survives mainly in compound words and set phrases like कुलनाम (kulnaam, 'surname, family name') rather than in everyday standalone speech -- the 'total' sense above is what you'll actually reach for in daily conversation.
Sample Sentences:
यह हमारे कुल की पुरानी परंपरा है। This is an old tradition of our family lineage.
(yah hamaare kul kii puraanii parampraa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
वह एक सम्मानित कुल में पैदा हुआ था। He was born into a respected family lineage.
(vah ek sammaanit kul men paidaa huaa thaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
राजा ने अपने कुल का नाम रोशन किया। The king brought glory to the name of his dynasty.
(raajaa ne apne kul kaa naam roshan kiyaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
इस कुल के लोग सदियों से यहीं रहते आए हैं। The people of this clan have been living right here for centuries.
(is kul ke log sadiyon se yahiin rahte aae hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर तुम इस कुल में जन्म लेते तो सब कुछ अलग होता। If you had been born into this lineage, everything would have been different.
(agar tum is kul men janm lete to sab kuchh alag hotaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
काश उसका कुल यूँ ही नष्ट न होता। If only his clan had not been destroyed like this.
(kaash uskaa kul yoon hii nasht n hotaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Perfective -- Voice: Active
कुलनाम पूछने से पहले उसका स्वभाव जानो। Know his nature before asking his family name.
(kulnaam poochhne se pahle uskaa svabhaav jaano।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
उस कुल की कीर्ति दूर-दूर तक फैली हुई थी। That dynasty's fame had spread far and wide.
(us kul kii kiirti door-door tak phailii huii thii।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Adjective (invariant)
invariant: कुल (kul)
Noun
(sg.m.direct): कुल (kul)
(sg.m.oblique): कुल (kul)
(pl.m.direct): कुल (kul)
(pl.m.oblique): कुलों (kulon)