कठिनाई (kathinaaii)

noun A single-sense noun meaning 'difficulty' or 'trouble' -- the abstract-noun form built from the adjective कठिन (kathin, 'difficult').
Sense 1 : difficulty, trouble, hardship
noun, feminine Very commonly paired with the verb होना (honaa) in dative-subject frames -- मुझे कठिनाई हो रही है (mujhe kathinaaii ho rahii hai, 'I am having difficulty') -- and with होना (honaa) plus में (men) to mean 'to be in trouble/difficulty.'
Synonyms: मुश्किल (mushkil), परेशानी (pareshaanii), दिक़्क़त (diqqat, colloquial), समस्या (samasyaa, more 'problem' than 'difficulty')
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: You'll hear this word a lot in formal or semi-formal speech -- a teacher asking छात्रों को किसी कठिनाई का सामना तो नहीं हुआ? (chhaatron ko kisii kathinaaii kaa saamnaa to nahiin huaa?, 'did the students not face any difficulty?'), or a government official talking about जनता की कठिनाइयाँ (jantaa kii kathinaaiyaan, 'the public's hardships'). In casual chat between friends, मुश्किल (mushkil) or परेशानी (pareshaanii) tends to feel more natural.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for मुश्किल (mushkil) in every context since it is shorter and equally common, but कठिनाई (kathinaaii) is the noun form used more in written/formal contexts (reports, exams, official speech), while मुश्किल (mushkil) doubles as both adjective and noun and feels more conversational. 2) Don't confuse with कठिन (kathin), which is the adjective 'difficult' -- कठिनाई (kathinaaii) is only the noun.
Sample Sentences:
मुझे इस सवाल को हल करने में कठिनाई हो रही है। I am having difficulty solving this question.
(mujhe is savaal ko hal karne men kathinaaii ho rahii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
क्या छात्रों को किसी कठिनाई का सामना तो नहीं हुआ? Did the students not face any difficulty?
(kyaa chhaatron ko kisii kathinaaii kaa saamnaa to nahiin huaa?)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
सरकार को जनता की कठिनाइयों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए। The government should pay attention to the public's hardships.
(sarkaar ko jantaa kii kathinaaiyon par dhyaan denaa chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर हमें पहले से पता होता तो हम इस कठिनाई से बच सकते थे। If we had known beforehand, we could have avoided this difficulty.
(agar hamen pahle se pataa hotaa to ham is kathinaaii se bach sakte the।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
कृपया अपनी कठिनाइयाँ लिखित रूप में जमा करें। Please submit your difficulties in written form.
(kripyaa apnii kathinaaiyaan likhit roop men jamaa karen।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
यह कठिनाई इतनी बड़ी नहीं थी जितनी लग रही थी। This difficulty was not as big as it seemed.
(yah kathinaaii itnii badii nahiin thii jitnii lag rahii thii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
बाढ़ के बाद गाँव के लोगों को भोजन और पानी की भारी कठिनाई का सामना करना पड़ा। After the flood, the villagers had to face severe difficulty getting food and water.
(baadh ke baad gaanv ke logon ko bhojan aur paanii kii bhaarii kathinaaii kaa saamnaa karnaa padaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
जीवन में जो भी कठिनाइयाँ आएँगी, हम मिलकर उनका सामना करेंगे। Whatever difficulties come in life, we will face them together.
(jiivan men jo bhii kathinaaiyaan aaengii, ham milkar unkaa saamnaa karenge।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
इस योजना को लागू करने में कई प्रशासनिक कठिनाइयाँ उत्पन्न हुई हैं। Several administrative difficulties have arisen in implementing this scheme.
(is yojnaa ko laagoo karne men kaii prashaasnik kathinaaiyaan utpann huii hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
आर्थिक कठिनाइयों के कारण उसकी पढ़ाई बीच में ही छूट गई। Due to financial difficulties, his studies were left incomplete.
(aarthik kathinaaiyon ke kaaran uskii padhaaii biich men hii chhoot gaii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
काश हमारे रास्ते में इतनी कठिनाइयाँ न आतीं। If only so many difficulties had not come our way.
(kaash hamaare raaste men itnii kathinaaiyaan n aatiin।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Noun
(sg.f.direct): कठिनाई (kathinaaii)
(sg.f.oblique): कठिनाई (kathinaaii)
(pl.f.direct): कठिनाईएँ (kathinaaiien)
(pl.f.oblique): कठिनाईओं (kathinaaiion)