चालक (chaalak)

noun/adjective Mainly the everyday word for 'driver' (of a vehicle); also has a technical/adjectival sense meaning 'conductive' or 'operating/driving' used in science contexts.
Sense 1 : driver (of a vehicle)
noun, masculine
Synonyms: ड्राइवर (draaivar), वाहन चालक (vaahan chaalak, formal/official)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: You'll see चालक (chaalak) printed on the back of Delhi buses and auto-rickshaws ('चालक का नाम', 'driver's name'), on official ID badges, and in traffic-related news headlines -- it's the formal register word, while ड्राइवर (draaivar) rules everyday speech.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often default to the English loanword ड्राइवर (draaivar) in speech, which is perfectly common and natural -- चालक (chaalak) tends to show up more in official signage, news reports, and written Hindi (e.g. bus or train notices) rather than casual conversation. 2) Don't confuse with चाल (chaal, 'gait/move/trick'), a related-looking but distinct word.
Sample Sentences:
बस के चालक का नाम बोर्ड पर लिखा है। The bus driver's name is written on the board.
(bas ke chaalak kaa naam bord par likhaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
चालक ने अचानक ब्रेक लगा दी। The driver suddenly hit the brakes.
(chaalak ne achaanak brek lagaa dii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
हर वाहन के चालक के पास वैध लाइसेंस होना चाहिए। Every vehicle's driver must have a valid license.
(har vaahan ke chaalak ke paas vaidh laaisens honaa chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
ट्रक चालकों को लंबी दूरी की यात्रा में कई खतरों का सामना करना पड़ता है। Truck drivers have to face many dangers on long-distance journeys.
(trak chaalkon ko lambii doorii kii yaatraa men kaii khatron kaa saamnaa karnaa padtaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
दुर्घटना के बाद चालक को अस्पताल ले जाया गया। After the accident, the driver was taken to the hospital.
(durghatnaa ke baad chaalak ko asptaal le jaayaa gayaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
चालक महोदय, कृपया अपना लाइसेंस दिखाएँ। Sir driver, please show your license.
(chaalak mahoday, kripyaa apnaa laaisens dikhaaen।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
यदि चालक सतर्क होता, तो दुर्घटना न होती। If the driver had been alert, the accident wouldn't have happened.
(yadi chaalak satark hotaa, to durghatnaa n hotii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
पुलिस लापरवाह चालकों के खिलाफ कड़ी कार्रवाई करेगी। The police will take strict action against reckless drivers.
(pulis laaparvaah chaalkon ke khilaaph kadii kaarrvaaii karegii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
समाचार में बताया गया कि चालक शराब के नशे में था। The news reported that the driver was drunk.
(samaachaar men bataayaa gayaa ki chaalak sharaab ke nashe men thaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
क्या चालक ने बीमा कागज़ात दिखा दिए? Did the driver show the insurance papers?
(kyaa chaalak ne biimaa kaagzaat dikhaa die?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : conductive; driving/operating (technical)
adjective Used almost exclusively in science/technical registers, e.g. ऊष्मा चालक (ooshmaa chaalak, 'heat conductor') or विद्युत चालक (vidyut chaalak, 'electrical conductor'), where चालक functions as a noun-adjective describing a conducting material.
Synonyms: संचालक (sanchaalak, operator/regulating, technical)
Frequency: low
Cultural Note: This is the word every Indian student meets in school-level physics class -- चालक (chaalak) versus कुचालक (kuchaalak, 'insulator/non-conductor') is a standard textbook pair, much like 'conductor' and 'insulator' in English science class.
Sample Sentences:
ताँबा एक अच्छा चालक धातु है। Copper is a good conductive metal.
(taambaa ek achchhaa chaalak dhaatu hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
सभी धातुएँ ऊष्मा की चालक होती हैं। All metals are conductive to heat.
(sabhii dhaatuen ooshmaa kii chaalak hotii hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यह तार विद्युत का चालक है, इसे मत छुओ। This wire is an electrical conductor, don't touch it.
(yah taar vidyut kaa chaalak hai, ise mat chhuo।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Imperative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
शिक्षक ने समझाया कि चाँदी सबसे अच्छी चालक धातु मानी जाती है। The teacher explained that silver is considered the best conductive metal.
(shikshak ne samjhaayaa ki chaandii sabse achchhii chaalak dhaatu maanii jaatii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
परीक्षा में पूछा गया था कि कौन-सा पदार्थ चालक है और कौन-सा कुचालक। In the exam, it was asked which substance is a conductor and which is an insulator.
(pariikshaa men poochhaa gayaa thaa ki kaun-saa padaarth chaalak hai aur kaun-saa kuchaalak।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
अगर यह पदार्थ चालक होता, तो करंट आसानी से बहता। If this substance were conductive, the current would flow easily.
(agar yah padaarth chaalak hotaa, to karant aasaanii se bahtaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
प्रयोगशाला में हमें जाँचना है कि यह द्रव चालक है या नहीं। In the lab, we have to check whether this liquid is conductive or not.
(prayogshaalaa men hamen jaanchnaa hai ki yah drav chaalak hai yaa nahiin।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
वैज्ञानिकों ने ऐसी सामग्री विकसित की है जो अत्यधिक चालक है। Scientists have developed a material that is highly conductive.
(vaigyaanikon ne aisii saamagrii viksit kii hai jo atydhik chaalak hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Noun
(sg.m.direct): चालक (chaalak)
(sg.m.oblique): चालक (chaalak)
(pl.m.direct): चालक (chaalak)
(pl.m.oblique): चालकों (chaalkon)
Adjective (invariant)
invariant: चालक (chaalak)