ज़मीन (zamiin)

noun A common everyday noun meaning 'ground/land/earth' in the physical sense, with a natural extension into 'land' as real estate/property, and a figurative sense meaning 'basis' or 'groundwork' for something.
Sense 1 : ground, floor, earth (the physical surface)
noun, feminine
Synonyms: धरती (dhartii), भूमि (bhoomi, formal), फर्श (pharsh, floor specifically)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: You will hear ज़मीन पर बैठना (zamiin par baithnaa, 'to sit on the ground') constantly in Indian households -- sitting on the floor for meals, prayer, or chatting is completely normal and not seen as lowly at all, unlike the connotation 'sitting on the ground' can carry in English.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes reach for फर्श (pharsh) when they mean the ground/floor of a room, but ज़मीन (zamiin) works fine for both indoor floor and outdoor ground in casual speech -- फर्श (pharsh) is more specifically the laid/built floor.
Sample Sentences:
बच्चे ज़मीन पर बैठकर खाना खा रहे हैं। The children are sitting on the ground eating food.
(bachche zamiin par baithkar khaanaa khaa rahe hain।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कृपया ज़मीन पर बैठ जाइए, कुर्सियाँ नहीं हैं। Please sit on the ground, there are no chairs.
(kripyaa zamiin par baith jaaie, kursiyaan nahiin hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
सेब पेड़ से गिरकर ज़मीन पर आ गया। The apple fell from the tree and landed on the ground.
(seb ped se girkar zamiin par aa gayaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
पूजा के समय हम ज़मीन पर आसन बिछाकर बैठते हैं। During prayer, we spread a mat on the ground and sit.
(poojaa ke samay ham zamiin par aasan bichhaakar baithte hain।)
Register: Devotional -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर ज़मीन गीली न होती, तो हम बाहर ही सो जाते। If the ground weren't wet, we would have slept outside.
(agar zamiin giilii n hotii, to ham baahar hii so jaate।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
ज़मीन इतनी गर्म हो गई है कि नंगे पैर चलना मुश्किल है। The ground has become so hot that it's difficult to walk barefoot.
(zamiin itnii garm ho gaii hai ki nange pair chalnaa mushkil hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
भूकंप के झटकों से ज़मीन काँप उठी। The ground shook with the tremors of the earthquake.
(bhookamp ke jhatkon se zamiin kaamp uthii।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
चटाई ज़मीन पर बिछा दी गई थी। The mat had been laid out on the ground.
(chataaii zamiin par bichhaa dii gaii thii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
थकान से चूर होकर वह वहीं ज़मीन पर लेट गया। Exhausted, he lay down right there on the ground.
(thakaan se choor hokar vah vahiin zamiin par let gayaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम ज़मीन पर बैठ सकते हो, या तुम्हें कुर्सी चाहिए? Can you sit on the ground, or do you need a chair?
(kyaa tum zamiin par baith sakte ho, yaa tumhen kursii chaahie?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
बर्तन गलती से हाथ से छूटकर ज़मीन पर गिर गया। The utensil accidentally slipped from her hand and fell to the ground.
(bartan galtii se haath se chhootkar zamiin par gir gayaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : land, plot, property (real estate)
noun, feminine
Synonyms: ज़मीन-जायदाद (zamiin-jaaydaad, property in general), भूमि (bhoomi, formal), प्लॉट (plot, a purchased/built plot)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: ज़मीन खरीदना/बेचना (zamiin khariidnaa/bechnaa, 'to buy/sell land') is a huge topic of family conversation in India, where land is often the most valued and fought-over inheritance -- ज़मीन के झगड़े (zamiin ke jhagde, 'land disputes') are a classic plot device in Hindi films and real life alike.
Sample Sentences:
उसने गाँव में थोड़ी ज़मीन खरीदी। He bought a bit of land in the village.
(usne gaanv men thodii zamiin khariidii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
यह ज़मीन मेरे दादा जी के नाम पर है। This land is registered in my grandfather's name.
(yah zamiin mere daadaa jii ke naam par hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
भाइयों के बीच ज़मीन के झगड़े सालों से चल रहे हैं। Land disputes between the brothers have been going on for years.
(bhaaiyon ke biich zamiin ke jhagde saalon se chal rahe hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर पैसों की ज़रूरत हुई तो हम यह ज़मीन बेच देंगे। If we need money, we will sell this land.
(agar paison kii zaroorat huii to ham yah zamiin bech denge।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
कृपया ज़मीन का सौदा किसी वकील की मौजूदगी में ही कीजिए। Please finalize the land deal only in the presence of a lawyer.
(kripyaa zamiin kaa saudaa kisii vakiil kii maujoodgii men hii kiijie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर उसके पास इतनी ज़मीन होती, तो वह इतना परेशान न होता। If he had this much land, he wouldn't be so worried.
(agar uske paas itnii zamiin hotii, to vah itnaa pareshaan n hotaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
पिछले साल यह ज़मीन बहुत सस्ते दामों में बिकी थी। This land was sold at a very cheap price last year.
(pichhle saal yah zamiin bahut saste daamon men bikii thii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
शायद वह अपनी पुश्तैनी ज़मीन कभी न बेचे। Perhaps he will never sell his ancestral land.
(shaayad vah apnii pushtainii zamiin kabhii n beche।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
पापा हर हफ़्ते तहसील जाकर ज़मीन के कागज़ात चेक करते हैं। Dad goes to the tehsil office every week to check the land papers.
(paapaa har hafte tahsiil jaakar zamiin ke kaagzaat chek karte hain।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उस इलाके में बिल्डरों द्वारा किसानों की ज़मीन ज़बरन खरीदी जा रही है। In that area, the farmers' land is being forcibly bought up by builders.
(us ilaake men bildron dvaaraa kisaanon kii zamiin zabran khariidii jaa rahii hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
अगर ज़मीन का बँटवारा सही ढंग से हो जाए, तो झगड़ा ही न हो। If the land division happens properly, there wouldn't be any dispute at all.
(agar zamiin kaa bantvaaraa sahii dhang se ho jaae, to jhagdaa hii n ho।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
Sense 3 : basis, groundwork, footing (figurative)
noun, feminine Common in fixed phrases like ज़मीन तैयार करना (zamiin taiyaar karnaa, 'to prepare the ground/groundwork') and ज़मीन खिसकना (zamiin khisaknaa, 'to lose one's footing/feel the ground slip away').
Synonyms: आधार (aadhaar, basis/foundation), बुनियाद (buniyaad, foundation)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This figurative sense shows Hindi's love of grounding abstract emotional states in physical, spatial imagery -- feeling shaken or destabilized is expressed as the very earth beneath you shifting, which is a vivid, embodied way of talking that differs from typical English idiom.
Common Mistakes: 1) ज़मीन खिसक जाना (zamiin khisak jaanaa) is often used for a sudden shock or loss of confidence -- literally 'the ground slipped away' -- and learners can miss that this is figurative, not about actual ground moving.
Sample Sentences:
इस समझौते ने दोनों देशों के बीच बातचीत की ज़मीन तैयार कर दी। This agreement laid the groundwork for talks between the two countries.
(is samjhaute ne donon deshon ke biich baatchiit kii zamiin taiyaar kar dii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
जब उसने झूठ का पता चला, तो मेरे पैरों तले ज़मीन खिसक गई। When I found out about his lie, the ground shifted beneath my feet.
(jab usne jhooth kaa pataa chalaa, to mere pairon tale zamiin khisak gaii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
बिना ठोस ज़मीन के कोई भी रिश्ता टिक नहीं सकता। Without a solid foundation, no relationship can last.
(binaa thos zamiin ke koii bhii rishtaa tik nahiin saktaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पहले अपने तर्क की ज़मीन मज़बूत करो, फिर बहस करना। First strengthen the basis of your argument, then debate.
(pahle apne tark kii zamiin mazboot karo, phir bahas karnaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर तुम अपनी बातों की ज़मीन तैयार करते, तो लोग तुम्हारी बात मान लेते। If you had laid the groundwork for your words, people would have accepted what you said.
(agar tum apnii baaton kii zamiin taiyaar karte, to log tumhaarii baat maan lete।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
इस घटना ने उसके आत्मविश्वास की सारी ज़मीन हिला दी। This incident shook the very foundation of his confidence.
(is ghatnaa ne uske aatmvishvaas kii saarii zamiin hilaa dii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
नई सरकार धीरे-धीरे अपनी ज़मीन बना रही है। The new government is gradually building its footing.
(naii sarkaar dhiire-dhiire apnii zamiin banaa rahii hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
शायद इसी वाकये ने उसकी सोच की ज़मीन बदल दी हो। Perhaps this very incident changed the basis of his thinking.
(shaayad isii vaakye ne uskii soch kii zamiin badal dii ho।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Aspect: Perfective -- Voice: Active
उम्मीद है कि यह शोध भविष्य की खोजों के लिए ज़मीन तैयार करे। It is hoped that this research will lay the groundwork for future discoveries.
(ummiid hai ki yah shodh bhavishy kii khojon ke lie zamiin taiyaar kare।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
उसकी बेतुकी बातों में कोई ज़मीन नहीं थी। There was no basis at all to his absurd claims.
(uskii betukii baaton men koii zamiin nahiin thii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Noun
(sg.f.direct): ज़मीन (zamiin)
(sg.f.oblique): ज़मीन (zamiin)
(pl.f.direct): ज़मीनें (zamiinen)
(pl.f.oblique): ज़मीनों (zamiinon)