परस्पर (paraspar)
adjective/adverb
A formal/literary word meaning 'mutual' or 'mutually' -- used as an adjective (mutual, reciprocal) or adverb (mutually, with each other), often in written or somewhat elevated speech.
Sense
1
:
mutual, reciprocal
adjective
Synonyms: आपसी (aapsii)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This word shows up constantly in formal writing -- newspaper editorials, diplomatic statements, school essays on 'unity' -- talking about परस्पर सहयोग (paraspar sahyog, 'mutual cooperation') or परस्पर सम्मान (paraspar sammaan, 'mutual respect'). In everyday chat, most Delhi speakers would just say आपसी (aapsii) instead, which means the same thing but sounds far more casual.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often try to inflect this like a regular आ-ending adjective (paraspraa, paraspre) -- it never changes form, regardless of the gender or number of the noun it modifies. 2) It almost always precedes an abstract noun like सहयोग (sahyog, cooperation), समझ (samajh, understanding), or प्रेम (prem, love) -- it doesn't modify concrete physical objects.
Sample Sentences:
दोनों देशों के बीच परस्पर सहयोग बढ़ रहा है।
Mutual cooperation between the two countries is increasing.
(donon deshon ke biich paraspar sahyog badh rahaa hai।)
समाज में शांति के लिए परस्पर सम्मान आवश्यक है।
Mutual respect is necessary for peace in society.
(samaaj men shaanti ke lie paraspar sammaan aavashyak hai।)
दोनों कंपनियों ने परस्पर समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए।
Both companies signed a mutual agreement.
(donon kampniyon ne paraspar samjhaute par hastaakshar kie।)
यह परस्पर विश्वास पर आधारित संबंध है।
This is a relationship based on mutual trust.
(yah paraspar vishvaas par aadhaarit sambandh hai।)
यदि परस्पर समझ बनी रहती, तो झगड़ा न होता।
If mutual understanding had persisted, there would have been no quarrel.
(yadi paraspar samajh banii rahtii, to jhagdaa n hotaa।)
छात्रों में परस्पर प्रतिस्पर्धा से भी कुछ सीखने को मिलता है।
One also gets to learn something from mutual competition among students.
(chhaatron men paraspar pratispardhaa se bhii kuchh siikhne ko miltaa hai।)
संपादकीय में परस्पर सद्भावना बढ़ाने की अपील की गई।
In the editorial, an appeal was made to increase mutual goodwill.
(sampaadkiiy men paraspar sadbhaavnaa badhaane kii apiil kii gaii।)
राष्ट्रों के बीच परस्पर हित के मुद्दों पर बातचीत जारी है।
Talks are ongoing on issues of mutual interest between the nations.
(raashtron ke biich paraspar hit ke muddon par baatchiit jaarii hai।)
यह आवश्यक है कि दोनों पक्ष परस्पर लाभ के समझौते तक पहुँचें।
It is necessary that both parties reach an agreement of mutual benefit.
(yah aavashyak hai ki donon paksh paraspar laabh ke samjhaute tak pahunchen।)
परस्पर विरोधी विचारों के बावजूद उन्होंने साथ काम करना जारी रखा।
Despite mutually conflicting views, they continued to work together.
(paraspar virodhii vichaaron ke baavjood unhonne saath kaam karnaa jaarii rakhaa।)
Sense
2
:
mutually, with/among each other
adverb Functions adverbially with verbs of interaction, often glossable as 'with each other' -- e.g. परस्पर बात करना (paraspar baat karnaa, 'to talk with each other').
Synonyms: आपस में (aapas men)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: You'll hear this in slightly bookish or formal contexts -- a teacher telling students to परस्पर सहयोग करें (paraspar sahyog karen, 'cooperate with one another'), or a company memo urging departments to काम परस्पर तालमेल से करें (kaam paraspar taalmel se karen, 'work in mutual coordination'). Its everyday twin आपस में (aapas men) is what you'd actually use chatting with friends.
Common Mistakes: 1) Because it looks like it should take a postposition (like आपस में aapas men does with में), learners sometimes add one after परस्पर (paraspar) -- but it stands alone as the adverb itself, no में needed.
Sample Sentences:
कृपया परस्पर सहयोग करें।
Please cooperate with one another.
(kripyaa paraspar sahyog karen।)
दोनों विभागों को परस्पर तालमेल से काम करना चाहिए।
Both departments should work in mutual coordination.
(donon vibhaagon ko paraspar taalmel se kaam karnaa chaahie।)
समिति के सदस्य परस्पर विचार-विमर्श करते हैं।
The committee members mutually discuss and deliberate.
(samiti ke sadasy paraspar vichaar-vimarsh karte hain।)
दोनों कंपनियों ने परस्पर एक समझौता किया।
The two companies reached a mutual agreement.
(donon kampniyon ne paraspar ek samjhautaa kiyaa।)
यदि सभी सदस्य परस्पर सहमत हों, तो प्रस्ताव पारित हो जाएगा।
If all the members mutually agree, the proposal will pass.
(yadi sabhii sadasy paraspar sahmat hon, to prastaav paarit ho jaaegaa।)
राष्ट्रों के बीच परस्पर विश्वास बनाए रखना आवश्यक है।
It is essential to maintain mutual trust among nations.
(raashtron ke biich paraspar vishvaas banaae rakhnaa aavashyak hai।)
शिक्षक ने विद्यार्थियों से कहा कि वे परस्पर सहयोग करें।
The teacher told the students that they should cooperate with one another.
(shikshak ne vidyaarthiyon se kahaa ki ve paraspar sahyog karen।)
यदि दोनों पक्ष परस्पर बातचीत करते तो विवाद नहीं बढ़ता।
If both sides had talked with each other, the dispute would not have escalated.
(yadi donon paksh paraspar baatchiit karte to vivaad nahiin badhtaa।)
कर्मचारियों के बीच परस्पर समन्वय की कमी के कारण परियोजना में देरी हुई।
The project was delayed due to a lack of mutual coordination among the employees.
(karmchaariyon ke biich paraspar samanvay kii kamii ke kaaran pariyojnaa men derii huii।)
Morphology
Adjective (invariant)
invariant:
परस्पर
(paraspar)