कड़वा (kadvaa)

adjective Primarily a taste adjective ('bitter'), extended figuratively to unpleasant experiences, words, or truths -- much like English 'bitter' but used even more freely in everyday speech.
Sense 1 : bitter (taste)
adjective
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: करेला (karelaa, bitter gourd) is the classic go-to example every Hindi speaker reaches for when explaining कड़वा (kadvaa) -- there's even a common saying करेला और नीम चढ़ा (karelaa aur niim chadhaa, 'bitter gourd, and now climbed with neem too'), used for something/someone doubly unpleasant.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes reach for तीखा (tiikhaa) when they mean 'bitter', but तीखा (tiikhaa) means spicy/pungent (like chili), not bitter -- करेला (karelaa, bitter gourd) is कड़वा (kadvaa), not तीखा (tiikhaa).
Sample Sentences:
करेला बहुत कड़वा होता है। Bitter gourd is very bitter.
(karelaa bahut kadvaa hotaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यह दवा बहुत कड़वी है। This medicine is very bitter.
(yah davaa bahut kadvii hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
करेला और नीम चढ़ा -- चाय भी कड़वी और साथ में यह गोली भी। Bitter gourd, and now climbed with neem too -- the tea is bitter and now this pill on top of it.
(karelaa aur niim chadhaa -- chaay bhii kadvii aur saath men yah golii bhii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
चाय इतनी कड़वी मत बनाओ। Don't make the tea so bitter.
(chaay itnii kadvii mat banaao।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर इसमें ज़्यादा नीम की पत्तियाँ डालोगी तो यह और कड़वा हो जाएगा। If you put in more neem leaves, it will become even more bitter.
(agar ismen zyaadaa niim kii pattiyaan daalogii to yah aur kadvaa ho jaaegaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
जब मैंने पहली बार करेला खाया था, तो वह इतना कड़वा लगा कि मैंने थूक दिया। When I ate bitter gourd for the first time, it tasted so bitter that I spat it out.
(jab mainne pahlii baar karelaa khaayaa thaa, to vah itnaa kadvaa lagaa ki mainne thook diyaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर इसमें थोड़ी चीनी डाल देते तो यह इतना कड़वा न होता। If you had added a little sugar to it, it wouldn't have been this bitter.
(agar ismen thodii chiinii daal dete to yah itnaa kadvaa n hotaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
हो सकता है कि यह जूस कड़वा निकले, क्योंकि इसमें कोई मीठी चीज़ नहीं मिलाई गई। It's possible this juice turns out bitter, since nothing sweet was mixed into it.
(ho saktaa hai ki yah joos kadvaa nikle, kyonki ismen koii miithii chiiz nahiin milaaii gaii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
आयुर्वेदिक दवाइयाँ अक्सर कड़वी बनाई जाती हैं ताकि उनका असर तेज़ हो। Ayurvedic medicines are often made bitter so that their effect is stronger.
(aayurvedik davaaiyaan aksar kadvii banaaii jaatii hain taaki unkaa asar tez ho।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
यह फल कच्चा हो तो बहुत कड़वा होता है, पका हो तो मीठा। If this fruit is raw, it's very bitter; if ripe, it's sweet.
(yah phal kachchaa ho to bahut kadvaa hotaa hai, pakaa ho to miithaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
बच्चा कड़वी दवा पीते-पीते रो रहा है। The child is crying while drinking the bitter medicine.
(bachchaa kadvii davaa piite-piite ro rahaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : bitter, harsh (figurative: words, truth, experience)
adjective Commonly pairs with words like सच (sach, truth), बात (baat, remark), अनुभव (anubhav, experience), and घूँट (ghoont, a swallow/sip) -- as in कड़वा घूँट पीना (kadvaa ghoont piinaa, 'to swallow a bitter pill').
Synonyms: कठोर (kathor, harsh, more about tone/severity), तीखा (tiikhaa, sharp/cutting, of words)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: Just as in English 'a bitter pill to swallow', Hindi uses कड़वा घूँट पीना (kadvaa ghoont piinaa, 'to drink a bitter gulp') for having to accept something unpleasant -- a nice parallel that makes this figurative sense easy to remember.
Sample Sentences:
उसने मुझे बहुत कड़वी बातें कह दीं। He said very harsh things to me.
(usne mujhe bahut kadvii baaten kah diin।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
सच हमेशा कड़वा होता है, फिर भी उसे सुनना चाहिए। The truth is always bitter, yet one should listen to it.
(sach hameshaa kadvaa hotaa hai, phir bhii use sunnaa chaahie।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मुझे वह कड़वा घूँट पीना पड़ा जब कंपनी ने मुझे नौकरी से निकाल दिया। I had to swallow the bitter pill when the company fired me.
(mujhe vah kadvaa ghoont piinaa padaa jab kampnii ne mujhe naukrii se nikaal diyaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
कृपया इतने कड़वे शब्द मत बोलिए, बात समझाकर कहिए। Please don't speak such harsh words, explain the matter gently.
(kripyaa itne kadve shabd mat bolie, baat samjhaakar kahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर वह इतना कड़वा न बोलता, तो लोग उससे प्यार करते। If he did not speak so harshly, people would love him.
(agar vah itnaa kadvaa n boltaa, to log usse pyaar karte।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
तलाक का अनुभव उसके लिए बेहद कड़वा रहा। The experience of divorce was extremely bitter for her.
(talaak kaa anubhav uske lie behad kadvaa rahaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
यह जानते हुए भी कि सच कड़वा है, उसने साफ़-साफ़ बता दिया। Even knowing the truth was bitter, he stated it plainly.
(yah jaante hue bhii ki sach kadvaa hai, usne saaf-saaf bataa diyaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम्हें नहीं लगता कि उसकी आलोचना बहुत कड़वी थी? Don't you think his criticism was very harsh?
(kyaa tumhen nahiin lagtaa ki uskii aalochnaa bahut kadvii thii?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
बचपन की वे कड़वी यादें आज भी उसे सताती हैं। Those bitter memories of childhood still torment her today.
(bachpan kii ve kadvii yaaden aaj bhii use sataatii hain।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उम्मीद है कि आगे उनके रिश्ते में इतनी कड़वाहट न आए। One hopes their relationship won't become so bitter going forward.
(ummiid hai ki aage unke rishte men itnii kadvaahat n aae।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
हार की कड़वी सच्चाई को स्वीकार करना ही बेहतर है। It is better to simply accept the bitter reality of defeat.
(haar kii kadvii sachchaaii ko sviikaar karnaa hii behtar hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Adjective (variable)
(sg.m): कड़वा (kadvaa)
(pl.m): कड़वे (kadve)
(sg.f): कड़वी (kadvii)
(pl.f): कड़वी (kadvii)