विरुद्ध (viruddh)
postposition/adjective
A formal postposition/adjective meaning 'against' or 'opposed to' -- used to mark opposition, contrast, or conflict, often in legal, political, or debate contexts.
Sense
1
:
against, in opposition to
postposition Takes a preceding noun in the oblique with के (ke): X के विरुद्ध (ke viruddh, 'against X').
Synonyms: खिलाफ़ (khilaaf), उलटे (ulte, rare)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: You will see this word constantly in newspaper headlines and courtroom dramas -- 'सरकार के विरुद्ध याचिका' (sarkaar ke viruddh yaachikaa, 'a petition against the government') is the classic register. In daily chit-chat, most Delhi speakers reach for खिलाफ़ (khilaaf) instead, saving विरुद्ध (viruddh) for when they want to sound serious or official.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often use सीधे (siidhe) case marking instead of के (ke); remember it is always X के विरुद्ध (ke viruddh), never X विरुद्ध (viruddh) alone. 2) Confusing with खिलाफ़ (khilaaf) -- both mean 'against,' but विरुद्ध (viruddh) feels more formal/written, appropriate for legal notices, official complaints, or news reports rather than casual speech.
Sample Sentences:
सरकार के विरुद्ध याचिका उच्च न्यायालय में दायर की गई।
A petition against the government was filed in the high court.
(sarkaar ke viruddh yaachikaa uchch nyaayaalay men daayar kii gaii।)
पुलिस ने उस व्यापारी के विरुद्ध मामला दर्ज किया।
The police registered a case against that businessman.
(pulis ne us vyaapaarii ke viruddh maamlaa darj kiyaa।)
यह कानून मानवाधिकारों के विरुद्ध है।
This law is against human rights.
(yah kaanoon maanvaadhikaaron ke viruddh hai।)
वकील ने अदालत में अपने मुवक्किल के विरुद्ध लगे आरोपों का खंडन किया।
The lawyer refuted the charges leveled against his client in court.
(vakiil ne adaalat men apne muvakkil ke viruddh lage aaropon kaa khandan kiyaa।)
अगर तुम नियमों के विरुद्ध जाओगे, तो कार्रवाई होगी।
If you go against the rules, action will be taken.
(agar tum niymon ke viruddh jaaoge, to kaarrvaaii hogii।)
छात्रों ने फीस वृद्धि के विरुद्ध प्रदर्शन किया।
The students protested against the fee hike.
(chhaatron ne phiis vriddhi ke viruddh pradarshan kiyaa।)
किसी के विरुद्ध बिना प्रमाण के आरोप मत लगाओ।
Do not make accusations against someone without proof.
(kisii ke viruddh binaa pramaan ke aarop mat lagaao।)
अगर वह न्याय के विरुद्ध होता, तो मैं उसका साथ कभी न देता।
If it were against justice, I would never have supported it.
(agar vah nyaay ke viruddh hotaa, to main uskaa saath kabhii n detaa।)
संविधान के विरुद्ध कोई भी कानून अमान्य माना जाएगा।
Any law against the constitution will be considered invalid.
(sanvidhaan ke viruddh koii bhii kaanoon amaany maanaa jaaegaa।)
न्यायाधीश ने आदेश दिया कि प्रतिवादी के विरुद्ध सुनवाई अगले सप्ताह हो।
The judge ordered that the hearing against the defendant take place next week.
(nyaayaadhiish ne aadesh diyaa ki prativaadii ke viruddh sunvaaii agle saptaah ho।)
Sense
2
:
opposite, contrary, adverse
adjective Used predicatively or attributively to describe ideas, opinions, or conditions that are contrary/opposed, e.g. विरुद्ध विचार (viruddh vichaar, 'contrary/opposing views').
Synonyms: प्रतिकूल (pratikool, formal), उलटा (ultaa)
Frequency: low
Cultural Note: This sense shares its root with the postpositional use -- both carry the core idea of standing 'against' or 'opposite' something, whether that's a person, a law, or just an idea.
Sample Sentences:
उसकी राय मेरी राय से विरुद्ध है।
His opinion is contrary to my opinion.
(uskii raay merii raay se viruddh hai।)
यह परिणाम हमारी अपेक्षाओं के विरुद्ध निकला।
This result turned out contrary to our expectations.
(yah parinaam hamaarii apekshaaon ke viruddh niklaa।)
दोनों वक्तव्य पूरी तरह विरुद्ध थे।
Both statements were completely contrary to each other.
(donon vaktavy poorii tarah viruddh the।)
यदि हवा विरुद्ध दिशा में बहती, तो नाव आगे नहीं बढ़ पाती।
If the wind had blown in the opposite direction, the boat would not have been able to move forward.
(yadi havaa viruddh dishaa men bahtii, to naav aage nahiin badh paatii।)
उनके विचार समाज की मान्यताओं के सर्वथा विरुद्ध हैं।
Their views are entirely contrary to society's beliefs.
(unke vichaar samaaj kii maanytaaon ke sarvthaa viruddh hain।)
मौसम विभाग की भविष्यवाणी वास्तविक स्थिति के विरुद्ध सिद्ध हुई।
The weather department's forecast proved contrary to the actual situation.
(mausam vibhaag kii bhavishyvaanii vaastvik sthiti ke viruddh siddh huii।)
क्या यह प्रस्ताव नियमों के विरुद्ध नहीं माना जाएगा?
Won't this proposal be considered contrary to the rules?
(kyaa yah prastaav niymon ke viruddh nahiin maanaa jaaegaa?)
उसका स्वभाव अपने भाई के स्वभाव से पूर्णतः विरुद्ध है।
His temperament is completely opposite to his brother's temperament.
(uskaa svabhaav apne bhaaii ke svabhaav se poorntah viruddh hai।)
Morphology
Adjective (invariant)
invariant:
विरुद्ध
(viruddh)