निर्दोष (nirdosh)

adjective A formal adjective meaning 'innocent, faultless' -- built from निर् (nir, 'without') + दोष (dosh, 'fault, sin'); used both for legal innocence and for a more general blameless/flawless quality.
Sense 1 : innocent (not guilty)
adjective
Synonyms: बेगुनाह (begunaah), मासूम (maasoom, often implies childlike innocence too), निर्दोष सिद्ध (nirdosh siddh, legal phrase: 'proven innocent')
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This is the word you will hear on the evening news when a court acquits someone -- अदालत ने उसे निर्दोष करार दिया (adaalat ne use nirdosh karaar diyaa, 'the court declared him innocent') is a very standard construction. It carries a slightly formal, courtroom/media register rather than casual chat.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for मासूम (maasoom) in legal contexts, but मासूम (maasoom) leans toward 'innocent-looking / naive' (like a child's face), while निर्दोष (nirdosh) is the word courts and news reports use for 'not guilty.' 2) In legal/formal usage it commonly appears with सिद्ध होना (siddh honaa, 'to be proven') or करार देना (karaar denaa, 'to declare'), e.g. निर्दोष करार दिया (nirdosh karaar diyaa, 'declared innocent') -- learners sometimes just say है (hai) where a formal register would use one of these fixed collocations.
Sample Sentences:
अदालत ने उसे निर्दोष करार दिया। The court declared him innocent.
(adaalat ne use nirdosh karaar diyaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
जज ने सारे सबूत देखने के बाद उसे निर्दोष घोषित किया। After examining all the evidence, the judge declared him innocent.
(jaj ne saare saboot dekhne ke baad use nirdosh ghoshit kiyaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
आरोपी को निर्दोष पाया गया है। The accused has been found innocent.
(aaropii ko nirdosh paayaa gayaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
मुझे यकीन है कि वह निर्दोष है। I am certain that he is innocent.
(mujhe yakiin hai ki vah nirdosh hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर वह सच में निर्दोष होता, तो पुलिस उसे कभी गिरफ्तार नहीं करती। If he had really been innocent, the police would never have arrested him.
(agar vah sach men nirdosh hotaa, to pulis use kabhii giraphtaar nahiin kartii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम्हें लगता है कि वह निर्दोष है? Do you think he is innocent?
(kyaa tumhen lagtaa hai ki vah nirdosh hai?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
हो सकता है कि वह निर्दोष हो, पर अभी कुछ कहना जल्दबाज़ी होगी। It's possible he's innocent, but it would be premature to say anything right now.
(ho saktaa hai ki vah nirdosh ho, par abhii kuchh kahnaa jaldbaazii hogii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
उच्च न्यायालय ने पिछले हफ्ते उसे निर्दोष ठहराया। The High Court ruled him innocent last week.
(uchch nyaayaalay ne pichhle haphte use nirdosh thahraayaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
सुप्रीम कोर्ट के फैसले के बाद वह पूरी तरह निर्दोष साबित हो गया। After the Supreme Court's verdict, he was completely proven innocent.
(supriim kort ke phaisle ke baad vah poorii tarah nirdosh saabit ho gayaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
जब तक दोष साबित न हो, आरोपी को निर्दोष माना जाता है। Until guilt is proven, the accused is presumed innocent.
(jab tak dosh saabit n ho, aaropii ko nirdosh maanaa jaataa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Sense 2 : blameless, faultless, harmless (general/moral sense)
adjective
Synonyms: मासूम (maasoom), निष्पाप (nishpaap, literary), बेकसूर (beksoor)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: Beyond courtrooms, this sense shows up when describing someone's character or a harmless action -- a mother might call a sleeping baby निर्दोष (nirdosh) meaning 'without any fault in them,' close to English 'a picture of innocence.' It pairs naturally with दिल (dil, 'heart') or मन (man, 'mind') to praise someone's pure intentions.
Sample Sentences:
बच्चे का मन बिल्कुल निर्दोष होता है। A child's mind is completely innocent.
(bachche kaa man bilkul nirdosh hotaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
सोता हुआ बच्चा कितना निर्दोष लग रहा था। The sleeping child looked so innocent, a picture of pure faultlessness.
(sotaa huaa bachchaa kitnaa nirdosh lag rahaa thaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
उसका दिल इतना निर्दोष है कि किसी को दुख पहुँचाने की बात सोच भी नहीं सकता। His heart is so blameless that he can't even think of hurting anyone.
(uskaa dil itnaa nirdosh hai ki kisii ko dukh pahunchaane kii baat soch bhii nahiin saktaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
काश उसका मन भी उतना ही निर्दोष होता जितना वह दिखता है। I wish his mind were as blameless as he appears.
(kaash uskaa man bhii utnaa hii nirdosh hotaa jitnaa vah dikhtaa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
यह मज़ाक बिल्कुल निर्दोष था, इसमें किसी को चोट पहुँचाने का इरादा नहीं था। That joke was entirely harmless; there was no intention to hurt anyone in it.
(yah mazaak bilkul nirdosh thaa, ismen kisii ko chot pahunchaane kaa iraadaa nahiin thaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
एक निर्दोष मुस्कान के साथ उसने सबका दिल जीत लिया। With an innocent smile, she won everyone's heart.
(ek nirdosh muskaan ke saath usne sabkaa dil jiit liyaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम्हें लगता है कि उसका मज़ाक वाकई निर्दोष था या उसमें कोई छिपा मतलब था? Do you think his joke was really harmless, or was there some hidden meaning in it?
(kyaa tumhen lagtaa hai ki uskaa mazaak vaakaii nirdosh thaa yaa usmen koii chhipaa matlab thaa?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अपने मन को निर्दोष रखो, तभी सच्ची शांति मिलेगी। Keep your mind pure and blameless, only then will you find true peace.
(apne man ko nirdosh rakho, tabhii sachchii shaanti milegii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
संतों का जीवन निर्दोष आचरण का उदाहरण माना जाता है। The life of saints is considered an example of blameless conduct.
(santon kaa jiivan nirdosh aachran kaa udaahran maanaa jaataa hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Morphology
Adjective (invariant)
invariant: निर्दोष (nirdosh)