कड़ा (kadaa)

adjective/noun Mainly an adjective meaning 'hard, tight, strict' or (of tea/coffee) 'strong'; also a masculine noun for a metal bangle/bracelet, notably the steel one worn by Sikhs.
Sense 1 : physically hard, stiff, tight
adjective
Synonyms: सख़्त (sakht), ठोस (thos, more about solidity than tightness)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: Think of a knot that will not budge (gaanth kadii hai, 'the knot is tight') or a lock that is stiff to turn -- this is the everyday physical sense before you get to its stricter, more abstract uses.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for सख़्त (sakht) in every context; कड़ा (kadaa) is the more natural choice for things like a tight knot, a stiff lock, or a firm mattress -- सख़्त (sakht) leans slightly more toward 'harsh/rigid' in tone.
Sample Sentences:
यह गाँठ बहुत कड़ी है, खुल ही नहीं रही। This knot is very tight, it just won't open.
(yah gaanth bahut kadii hai, khul hii nahiin rahii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
ताला इतना कड़ा हो गया है कि चाबी घूमती ही नहीं। The lock has become so stiff that the key just won't turn.
(taalaa itnaa kadaa ho gayaa hai ki chaabii ghoomtii hii nahiin।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यह रोटी कड़ी हो गई है, नरम नहीं है। This roti has become hard, it's not soft.
(yah rotii kadii ho gaii hai, naram nahiin hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
पेंच को इतना मत कसो, वरना वह कड़ा हो जाएगा और निकालना मुश्किल होगा। Don't tighten the screw so much, otherwise it will become stiff and hard to remove.
(pench ko itnaa mat kaso, varnaa vah kadaa ho jaaegaa aur nikaalnaa mushkil hogaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
अगर रस्सी और कड़ी होती, तो यह वज़न नहीं उठा पाती। If the rope were even stiffer, it wouldn't have been able to bear this weight.
(agar rassii aur kadii hotii, to yah vazan nahiin uthaa paatii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
सर्दियों में उसके जोड़ कड़े हो जाते हैं। In winter his joints become stiff.
(sardiyon men uske jod kade ho jaate hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पट्टी को इतना कड़ा मत बाँधो, हाथ सुन्न हो जाएगा। Don't tie the bandage so tight, my hand will go numb.
(pattii ko itnaa kadaa mat baandho, haath sunn ho jaaegaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम्हें लगता है कि यह गद्दा बहुत कड़ा है? Do you think this mattress is too hard?
(kyaa tumhen lagtaa hai ki yah gaddaa bahut kadaa hai?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
बर्फ में इतनी देर रहने से उसके हाथ-पैर कड़े हो गए थे। From staying in the snow so long, his hands and feet had gone stiff.
(barph men itnii der rahne se uske haath-pair kade ho gae the।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
यह तार इतना कड़ा है कि हाथ से मोड़ा नहीं जा सकता। This wire is so stiff that it cannot be bent by hand.
(yah taar itnaa kadaa hai ki haath se modaa nahiin jaa saktaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Sense 2 : strict, severe, harsh (rules, discipline, punishment)
adjective
Synonyms: सख़्त (sakht), कठोर (kathor, slightly more literary)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: You'll hear this constantly around exams and discipline: कड़ी मेहनत (kadii mehnat, 'hard work'), कड़ा नियम (kadaa niyam, 'strict rule'), कड़ी सज़ा (kadii sazaa, 'harsh punishment') -- a Delhi parent or teacher reaches for कड़ा (kadaa) constantly when talking about rules and effort.
Sample Sentences:
हमारे स्कूल में बहुत कड़ा नियम है। There is a very strict rule in our school.
(hamaare skool men bahut kadaa niyam hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पास होने के लिए उसे कड़ी मेहनत करनी पड़ी। He had to work hard to pass.
(paas hone ke lie use kadii mehnat karnii padii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
जज ने अपराधी को कड़ी सज़ा दी। The judge gave the criminal a harsh punishment.
(jaj ne apraadhii ko kadii sazaa dii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
मेरे पापा बहुत कड़े हैं, देर से घर आने पर डांटते हैं। My dad is very strict -- he scolds if I come home late.
(mere paapaa bahut kade hain, der se ghar aane par daantte hain।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर तुम समय पर नहीं आओगे तो कड़ी कार्रवाई की जाएगी। If you don't come on time, strict action will be taken.
(agar tum samay par nahiin aaoge to kadii kaarrvaaii kii jaaegii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Passive
काश हमारे नियम इतने कड़े न होते। I wish our rules weren't so strict.
(kaash hamaare niyam itne kade n hote।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
सरकार को इस मामले में कड़ा रुख़ अपनाना चाहिए। The government should adopt a harsh stance on this matter.
(sarkaar ko is maamle men kadaa rukh apnaanaa chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
बॉस बहुत कड़ा है, कोई गलती माफ़ नहीं करता। The boss is very strict -- he doesn't forgive any mistake.
(bos bahut kadaa hai, koii galtii maaf nahiin kartaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कड़ी मेहनत करो, तभी सफलता मिलेगी। Work hard, only then will you get success.
(kadii mehnat karo, tabhii saphaltaa milegii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
परीक्षा में नकल रोकने के लिए कड़े इंतज़ाम किए गए हैं। Strict arrangements have been made to stop cheating in the exam.
(pariikshaa men nakal rokne ke lie kade intzaam kie gae hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
अगर वह ज़्यादा कड़ा होता तो शायद बच्चे इतने बिगड़े न होते। If he had been stricter, maybe the children wouldn't have turned out so spoiled.
(agar vah zyaadaa kadaa hotaa to shaayad bachche itne bigde n hote।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Perfective -- Voice: Active
Sense 3 : strong, concentrated (tea, coffee, a drink)
adjective
Synonyms: गाढ़ा (gaadhaa, more about thickness/consistency than strength)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: Ask for कड़ी चाय (kadii chaay, 'strong tea') at any Delhi tapri (roadside tea stall) and the wallah knows exactly what you mean: extra tea leaves, less water, a real kick.
Common Mistakes: 1) Do not use सख़्त (sakht) for tea -- कड़ी चाय (kadii chaay, 'strong tea') is the fixed everyday phrase, and सख़्त चाय (sakht chaay) would sound wrong to a native speaker.
Sample Sentences:
भइया, एक कड़ी चाय बनाना। Brother, make me a strong tea.
(bhaiyaa, ek kadii chaay banaanaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
मुझे सुबह कड़ी चाय पीने की आदत है। I'm used to drinking strong tea in the morning.
(mujhe subah kadii chaay piine kii aadat hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यह कॉफ़ी बहुत कड़ी है, थोड़ा दूध डाल दो। This coffee is very strong, add a little milk.
(yah kofii bahut kadii hai, thodaa doodh daal do।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसने कड़ी चाय बनाई थी, इसलिए रात भर नींद नहीं आई। She had made strong tea, so I couldn't sleep all night.
(usne kadii chaay banaaii thii, islie raat bhar niind nahiin aaii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर चाय ज़्यादा कड़ी हो जाए, तो उसमें पानी मिला दो। If the tea becomes too strong, add some water to it.
(agar chaay zyaadaa kadii ho jaae, to usmen paanii milaa do।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
अगर पत्ती ज़्यादा डाली जाती, तो चाय और कड़ी होती। If more tea leaves had been added, the tea would have been even stronger.
(agar pattii zyaadaa daalii jaatii, to chaay aur kadii hotii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Passive
टपरी वाले की कड़ी चाय पूरे मोहल्ले में मशहूर है। The tapri wallah's strong tea is famous in the whole neighborhood.
(taprii vaale kii kadii chaay poore mohalle men mashahoor hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
क्या आपको कड़ी कॉफ़ी पसंद है या हल्की? Do you like strong coffee or a mild one?
(kyaa aapko kadii kofii pasand hai yaa halkii?)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
वह इतनी कड़ी चाय बनाता है कि एक कप में ही नींद उड़ जाए। He makes such strong tea that one cup alone is enough to chase away sleep.
(vah itnii kadii chaay banaataa hai ki ek kap men hii niind ud jaae।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
स्टेशन के बाहर की कड़ी चाय पीते ही थकान गायब हो गई। As soon as I drank the strong tea outside the station, my tiredness vanished.
(steshan ke baahar kii kadii chaay piite hii thakaan gaayab ho gaii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
इतनी कड़ी चाय मत बनाओ, दिल धड़कने लगता है। Don't make such strong tea, it makes my heart race.
(itnii kadii chaay mat banaao, dil dhadakne lagtaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
Sense 4 : metal bangle/bracelet, especially the Sikh steel bracelet
noun, masculine
Synonyms: चूड़ी (choodii, glass/decorative bangle, not the same object)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: The कड़ा (kadaa) is one of the panj kakaar (five articles of Sikh faith), a steel bracelet symbolizing restraint and connection to God -- you'll see it on the wrist of most practicing Sikhs, so the word carries real religious and cultural weight beyond just being generic jewelry.
Common Mistakes: 1) Don't confuse this कड़ा (kadaa) with चूड़ी (choodii) -- चूड़ी (choodii) is a thin decorative glass or metal bangle typically worn by women, while कड़ा (kadaa) is a thicker, plain metal bracelet, most famously one of the five Sikh articles of faith.
Sample Sentences:
उसकी कलाई में स्टील का कड़ा है। There is a steel kara on his wrist.
(uskii kalaaii men stiil kaa kadaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कड़ा सिखों के पंज ककार में से एक है। The kara is one of the five articles of Sikh faith.
(kadaa sikhon ke panj kakaar men se ek hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसने अमृतसर से चांदी का कड़ा खरीदा। He bought a silver kara from Amritsar.
(usne amritsar se chaandii kaa kadaa khariidaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
बचपन से ही वह कड़ा पहनता आया है। He has been wearing a kara since childhood.
(bachpan se hii vah kadaa pahantaa aayaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर वह पूरी श्रद्धा से अमृत छकता तो शायद कड़ा भी पहनता। If he had taken amrit with full devotion, he might have worn a kara too.
(agar vah poorii shraddhaa se amrit chhaktaa to shaayad kadaa bhii pahantaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
कृपया अपना कड़ा उतारकर सुरक्षा जाँच से गुज़रें। Please take off your kara and go through security check.
(kripyaa apnaa kadaa utaarkar surakshaa jaanch se guzren।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
गुरुद्वारे में हर लड़के को एक छोटा कड़ा दिया जाता है। In the gurdwara, every boy is given a small kara.
(gurudvaare men har ladke ko ek chhotaa kadaa diyaa jaataa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
उसका कड़ा इतना मज़बूत है कि सालों से टूटा नहीं। His kara is so strong that it hasn't broken in years.
(uskaa kadaa itnaa mazboot hai ki saalon se tootaa nahiin।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कड़ा पहनना सिख धर्म में अनुशासन और ईश्वर से जुड़ाव का प्रतीक माना जाता है। Wearing the kara is considered, in Sikhism, a symbol of discipline and connection to God.
(kadaa pahannaa sikh dharm men anushaasan aur iishvar se judaav kaa pratiik maanaa jaataa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
काश मेरे पास भी दादाजी वाला वो पुराना कड़ा होता। I wish I also had that old kara that belonged to grandfather.
(kaash mere paas bhii daadaajii vaalaa vo puraanaa kadaa hotaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Adjective (variable)
(sg.m): कड़ा (kadaa)
(pl.m): कड़े (kade)
(sg.f): कड़ी (kadii)
(pl.f): कड़ी (kadii)
Noun
(sg.m.direct): कड़ा (kadaa)
(sg.m.oblique): कड़े (kade)
(pl.m.direct): कड़े (kade)
(pl.m.oblique): कड़ों (kadon)