मौलिक (maulik)

adjective An adjective meaning 'original' or 'fundamental' -- used both for creative originality (मौलिक विचार, maulik vichaar, 'original idea') and for something basic/foundational (मौलिक अधिकार, maulik adhikaar, 'fundamental rights').
Sense 1 : fundamental, basic (as in rights, principles)
adjective
Synonyms: बुनियादी (buniyaadii), आधारभूत (aadhaarbhoot, formal)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: This is the sense every Indian schoolchild meets first, in the civics classroom phrase मौलिक अधिकार (maulik adhikaar, 'fundamental rights') -- the rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. Because of this, मौलिक (maulik) carries a slightly formal, official flavor when used this way, closer to बुनियादी (buniyaadii) in everyday basic-ness but reserved for weightier, more official contexts.
Sample Sentences:
शिक्षा का अधिकार एक मौलिक अधिकार है। The right to education is a fundamental right.
(shikshaa kaa adhikaar ek maulik adhikaar hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
भारतीय संविधान अपने नागरिकों को कई मौलिक अधिकार देता है। The Indian Constitution grants its citizens several fundamental rights.
(bhaartiiy sanvidhaan apne naagrikon ko kaii maulik adhikaar detaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
समानता का मौलिक सिद्धांत हर कानून की नींव होना चाहिए। The fundamental principle of equality should be the foundation of every law.
(samaantaa kaa maulik siddhaant har kaanoon kii niinv honaa chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
अगर मौलिक अधिकारों का उल्लंघन होता, तो अदालत हस्तक्षेप करती। If fundamental rights had been violated, the court would have intervened.
(agar maulik adhikaaron kaa ullanghan hotaa, to adaalat hastakshep kartii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Passive
वकील ने अदालत में मौलिक अधिकारों का हवाला दिया। The lawyer cited fundamental rights in the court.
(vakiil ne adaalat men maulik adhikaaron kaa havaalaa diyaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
स्कूल में हमें मौलिक अधिकार और कर्तव्य याद करने पड़ते थे। In school, we used to have to memorize the fundamental rights and duties.
(skool men hamen maulik adhikaar aur kartavy yaad karne padte the।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
क्या अभिव्यक्ति की आज़ादी सचमुच एक मौलिक अधिकार मानी जाती है? Is freedom of expression really considered a fundamental right?
(kyaa abhivyakti kii aazaadii sachmuch ek maulik adhikaar maanii jaatii hai?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
सरकार को नागरिकों के मौलिक अधिकारों की रक्षा करनी चाहिए। The government should protect the fundamental rights of citizens.
(sarkaar ko naagrikon ke maulik adhikaaron kii rakshaa karnii chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
इस विधेयक से कुछ मौलिक अधिकार सीमित हो सकते हैं। This bill could limit certain fundamental rights.
(is vidheyak se kuchh maulik adhikaar siimit ho sakte hain।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
याचिका में कहा गया कि उनके मौलिक अधिकार का हनन हुआ है। The petition stated that their fundamental right had been violated.
(yaachikaa men kahaa gayaa ki unke maulik adhikaar kaa hanan huaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
उच्चतम न्यायालय मौलिक अधिकारों का संरक्षक माना जाता है। The Supreme Court is considered the guardian of fundamental rights.
(uchchtam nyaayaalay maulik adhikaaron kaa sanrakshak maanaa jaataa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Sense 2 : original, not copied/derivative
adjective
Synonyms: नया (nayaa, only partly overlaps -- 'new' rather than 'original'), अद्वितीय (advitiiy, unique, stronger claim)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This is the word you'll hear in a college classroom or a writer's workshop when a teacher praises मौलिक विचार (maulik vichaar, 'original ideas') or मौलिक सोच (maulik soch, 'original thinking') -- it carries real intellectual respect, similar to calling someone's work 'genuinely original' in English.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes reach for नया (nayaa) when they mean 'original' in the sense of authorship or creativity -- नया (nayaa) just means 'new,' while मौलिक (maulik) specifically praises something for not being copied or imitated.
Sample Sentences:
उसका यह विचार बिल्कुल मौलिक है। This idea of his is completely original.
(uskaa yah vichaar bilkul maulik hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
प्रोफेसर ने उसकी मौलिक सोच की बहुत तारीफ़ की। The professor praised his original thinking a lot.
(prophesar ne uskii maulik soch kii bahut taariif kii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम्हारा शोध सच में मौलिक है, या किसी और की नकल है? Is your research really original, or is it a copy of someone else's?
(kyaa tumhaaraa shodh sach men maulik hai, yaa kisii aur kii nakal hai?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
इस उपन्यास में लेखक की मौलिक कल्पना साफ़ झलकती है। The author's original imagination clearly shines through in this novel.
(is upanyaas men lekhak kii maulik kalpnaa saaf jhalaktii hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
काश उसका काम थोड़ा और मौलिक होता। I wish his work were a bit more original.
(kaash uskaa kaam thodaa aur maulik hotaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
अपने प्रोजेक्ट में कुछ मौलिक विचार शामिल करो। Include some original ideas in your project.
(apne projekt men kuchh maulik vichaar shaamil karo।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
समिति चाहती है कि हर प्रस्ताव मौलिक हो, नकल किया हुआ नहीं। The committee wants every proposal to be original, not copied.
(samiti chaahtii hai ki har prastaav maulik ho, nakal kiyaa huaa nahiin।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
इस चित्रकार की मौलिक शैली को पहचानना आसान है। This painter's original style is easy to recognize.
(is chitrkaar kii maulik shailii ko pahchaannaa aasaan hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
आलोचकों द्वारा उसकी कविता को सचमुच मौलिक माना गया। His poem was truly considered original by the critics.
(aalochkon dvaaraa uskii kavitaa ko sachmuch maulik maanaa gayaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
अगर तुम मौलिक विचार पेश करोगे, तो सब तुम्हारी बात ध्यान से सुनेंगे। If you present original ideas, everyone will listen to you carefully.
(agar tum maulik vichaar pesh karoge, to sab tumhaarii baat dhyaan se sunenge।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
Morphology
Adjective (invariant)
invariant: मौलिक (maulik)