गिनना (ginnaa)
verb
A transitive verb meaning 'to count' -- covers literal counting of items as well as the figurative sense of 'considering' or 'reckoning' someone/something as a certain type.
Sense
1
:
to count (numbers, items)
verb, transitive
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: Picture a shopkeeper in a Delhi market counting out change -- पैसे गिनना (paise ginnaa) -- this is the everyday image behind the word. It is the ordinary verb used whenever numbers, coins, days, or objects are being tallied one by one.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes confuse गिनना (ginnaa, 'to count') with गिरना (girnaa, 'to fall') -- the spelling and sound are close but the meanings are unrelated. 2) As a transitive verb, it takes ने (ne) in the perfective: उसने पैसे गिने (usne paise gine, 'he counted the money').
Sample Sentences:
दुकानदार पैसे गिन रहा है।
The shopkeeper is counting the money.
(dukaandaar paise gin rahaa hai।)
मैं हर रोज़ अपनी बचत के पैसे गिनती हूँ।
I count my savings every day.
(main har roz apnii bachat ke paise gintii hoon।)
उसने वापस मिले नोट दो बार गिने।
He counted the returned notes twice.
(usne vaapas mile not do baar gine।)
ज़रा गिन लो कि कितने पैसे बचे हैं।
Just count how much money is left.
(zaraa gin lo ki kitne paise bache hain।)
क्लर्क सारे नोट गिन चुका था जब मैनेजर आया।
The clerk had already finished counting all the notes when the manager arrived.
(klark saare not gin chukaa thaa jab mainejar aayaa।)
अगर वह ध्यान से गिनता तो गलती न होती।
If he had counted carefully, there wouldn't have been a mistake.
(agar vah dhyaan se gintaa to galtii n hotii।)
बच्चे उंगलियों पर गिन रहे थे कि छुट्टियों में कितने दिन बचे हैं।
The children were counting on their fingers how many days of vacation were left.
(bachche ungliyon par gin rahe the ki chhuttiyon men kitne din bache hain।)
नोट गिनने की मशीन खराब हो गई है, इसलिए हाथ से गिनना पड़ेगा।
The note-counting machine has broken down, so we'll have to count by hand.
(not ginne kii mashiin kharaab ho gaii hai, islie haath se ginnaa padegaa।)
मतगणना के दिन हर वोट सावधानी से गिना जाता है।
On the day of vote-counting, every vote is counted carefully.
(matgannaa ke din har vot saavdhaanii se ginaa jaataa hai।)
क्या तुम उन बक्सों को गिन सकते हो जो गोदाम में रखे हैं?
Can you count those boxes that are kept in the warehouse?
(kyaa tum un bakson ko gin sakte ho jo godaam men rakhe hain?)
अकाउंटेंट चाहता है कि हर बिल गिना जाए और रसीद बनाई जाए।
The accountant wants every bill to be counted and a receipt made.
(akaauntent chaahtaa hai ki har bil ginaa jaae aur rasiid banaaii jaae।)
Sense
2
:
to consider, regard as, count someone/something as
verb, transitive Used with एक/समान/जैसा-type complements, e.g. उसे अपना दोस्त गिनना (use apnaa dost ginnaa, 'to consider him a friend') -- structurally similar to how English uses 'to count someone as.'
Synonyms: समझना (samajhnaa), मानना (maannaa)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This is the figurative cousin of the counting sense: just as you count coins one by one, you mentally 'count' a person into a category -- as a friend, an enemy, or among the great. You'll hear this in phrases like उसे बड़े आदमियों में गिना जाता है (use bade aadmiyon men ginaa jaataa hai, 'he is counted among great men'), often in the passive.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for समझना (samajhnaa) by default in this sense and don't realize गिनना (ginnaa) works the same way -- both are natural, but गिनना (ginnaa) carries a slight flavor of 'tallying' someone into a category or group.
Sample Sentences:
उसे शहर के सबसे अमीर आदमियों में गिना जाता है।
He is counted among the richest men in the city.
(use shahar ke sabse amiir aadmiyon men ginaa jaataa hai।)
मैं उसे अपना सबसे अच्छा दोस्त गिनता हूँ।
I consider him my best friend.
(main use apnaa sabse achchhaa dost gintaa hoon।)
उस ज़माने में औरतों को पढ़ाई के लायक नहीं गिना जाता था।
In those days, women were not considered fit for education.
(us zamaane men aurton ko padhaaii ke laayak nahiin ginaa jaataa thaa।)
उसे कभी अपना दुश्मन मत गिनो, वह तुम्हारा भला ही चाहता है।
Never consider him your enemy; he only wants good for you.
(use kabhii apnaa dushman mat gino, vah tumhaaraa bhalaa hii chaahtaa hai।)
अगर वह ईमानदार होता, तो उसे अच्छे लोगों में गिना जाता।
If he were honest, he would be counted among the good people.
(agar vah iimaandaar hotaa, to use achchhe logon men ginaa jaataa।)
इतिहासकार उसे भारत के महानतम नेताओं में गिनते हैं।
Historians count him among India's greatest leaders.
(itihaaskaar use bhaarat ke mahaantam netaaon men ginte hain।)
काश वे मुझे अपनों में गिनते।
I wish they considered me one of their own.
(kaash ve mujhe apnon men ginte।)
यह मंदिर देश के सबसे पवित्र स्थलों में गिना जाता है।
This temple is counted among the holiest sites in the country.
(yah mandir desh ke sabse pavitr sthalon men ginaa jaataa hai।)
उसे नाकाम मत गिनिए, अभी उसकी उम्र ही क्या है।
Don't consider him a failure; he's still so young.
(use naakaam mat ginie, abhii uskii umr hii kyaa hai।)
पहले उसे परिवार का हिस्सा नहीं गिना जाता था, अब सब उसे अपना मानते हैं।
Earlier he was not counted as part of the family, now everyone considers him their own.
(pahle use parivaar kaa hissaa nahiin ginaa jaataa thaa, ab sab use apnaa maante hain।)
Morphology
Verb
infinitive:
गिनना
(ginnaa)
infinitive oblique:
गिनने
(ginne)
habitual/simple (sg.m):
गिनता
(gintaa)
habitual/simple (pl.m):
गिनते
(ginte)
habitual/simple (sg.f):
गिनती
(gintii)
habitual/simple (pl.f):
गिनतीं
(gintiin)
continuous (sg.m):
गिन रहा
(gin rahaa)
continuous (pl.m):
गिन रहे
(gin rahe)
continuous (sg.f):
गिन रही
(gin rahii)
continuous (pl.f):
गिन रहीं
(gin rahiin)
perfective (sg.m):
गिना
(ginaa)
perfective (pl.m):
गिने
(gine)
perfective (sg.f):
गिनी
(ginii)
perfective (pl.f):
गिनीं
(giniin)
imperative (informal):
गिन
(gin)
imperative (neutral):
गिनो
(gino)
imperative (formal):
गिनिए
(ginie)
future (1sg.m):
गिनूँगा
(ginoongaa)
future (1sg.f):
गिनूँगी
(ginoongii)
future (1pl.m):
गिनेंगे
(ginenge)
future (1pl.f):
गिनेंगी
(ginengii)
future (2sg.m):
गिनेगा
(ginegaa)
future (2sg.f):
गिनेगी
(ginegii)
future (2pl.m):
गिनोगे
(ginoge)
future (2pl.f):
गिनोगी
(ginogii)
future (3sg.m):
गिनेगा
(ginegaa)
future (3sg.f):
गिनेगी
(ginegii)
future (3pl.m):
गिनेंगे
(ginenge)
future (3pl.f):
गिनेंगी
(ginengii)
subjunctive (1sg):
गिनूँ
(ginoon)
subjunctive (1pl):
गिनें
(ginen)
subjunctive (2sg):
गिने
(gine)
subjunctive (2pl):
गिनो
(gino)
subjunctive (3sg):
गिने
(gine)
subjunctive (3pl):
गिनें
(ginen)