द्वारा (dvaaraa)
postposition
A formal postposition meaning 'by/through' -- used to mark the agent in passive-type constructions and formal writing, and also to mean 'by means of' or 'via'.
Sense
1
:
by (agent marker, formal)
postposition Follows the oblique case of the noun/pronoun and marks the doer of an action, especially in passive or formal/written constructions: राम द्वारा लिखी गई किताब (raam dvaaraa likhii gaii kitaab, 'the book written by Ram').
Synonyms: से (se)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: You will see द्वारा (dvaaraa) constantly on official signage, government notices, and news headlines -- 'नगर निगम द्वारा' (nagar nigam dvaaraa, 'by the municipal corporation') is classic bureaucratic Hindi. In spoken conversation, though, people almost always restructure the sentence with ने (ne) rather than reach for द्वारा (dvaaraa), so this word signals 'formal register' the moment it appears.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for से (se) in formal writing where द्वारा (dvaaraa) is expected, especially in passive constructions, official notices, and news reports -- से (se) sounds too casual there. 2) In everyday spoken Hindi, द्वारा (dvaaraa) is rarely used to mark the agent of an ordinary active-voice sentence; it belongs mainly to passive constructions, formal announcements, and written Hindi. Spoken Hindi prefers ने (ne) with an active verb instead.
Sample Sentences:
यह निर्णय सरकार द्वारा लिया गया।
This decision was made by the government.
(yah nirnay sarkaar dvaaraa liyaa gayaa।)
नगर निगम द्वारा सड़कों की सफाई करवाई जा रही है।
The cleaning of the roads is being carried out by the municipal corporation.
(nagar nigam dvaaraa sadkon kii saphaaii karvaaii jaa rahii hai।)
यह पत्र प्रधानाचार्य द्वारा हस्ताक्षरित किया जाएगा।
This letter will be signed by the principal.
(yah patr pradhaanaachaary dvaaraa hastaakshrit kiyaa jaaegaa।)
कृपया यह प्रपत्र समिति द्वारा स्वीकृत किया जाए।
Please let this form be approved by the committee.
(kripyaa yah prapatr samiti dvaaraa sviikrit kiyaa jaae।)
यदि यह मामला अदालत द्वारा सुना जाता, तो न्याय जल्दी मिलता।
If this case had been heard by the court, justice would have come quickly.
(yadi yah maamlaa adaalat dvaaraa sunaa jaataa, to nyaay jaldii miltaa।)
इस योजना की घोषणा वित्त मंत्री द्वारा की गई थी।
This scheme's announcement had been made by the finance minister.
(is yojnaa kii ghoshnaa vitt mantrii dvaaraa kii gaii thii।)
सभी आवेदन समिति द्वारा प्रतिदिन जाँचे जाते हैं।
All applications are checked by the committee every day.
(sabhii aavedan samiti dvaaraa pratidin jaanche jaate hain।)
इस स्मारक का निर्माण मुगल सम्राट द्वारा करवाया गया था।
This monument's construction had been commissioned by the Mughal emperor.
(is smaarak kaa nirmaan mugal samraat dvaaraa karvaayaa gayaa thaa।)
उम्मीद है कि रिपोर्ट विशेषज्ञों द्वारा शीघ्र तैयार कर ली जाएगी।
It is hoped that the report will soon be prepared by the experts.
(ummiid hai ki riport visheshgyon dvaaraa shiighr taiyaar kar lii jaaegii।)
Sense
2
:
by means of, through (instrument/method)
postposition Marks the means, method, or channel through which something happens: पत्र द्वारा (patr dvaaraa, 'by letter'), इंटरनेट द्वारा (intarnet dvaaraa, 'via the internet').
Synonyms: के ज़रिए (ke zarie), के माध्यम से (ke maadhyam se, formal)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: You will meet this sense filling out forms in India -- 'कृपया ईमेल द्वारा सूचित करें' (kripyaa iimel dvaaraa soochit karen, 'please inform by email') is the kind of line found on government and bank forms. It has the same flavor as English 'via' or 'per' in official documents.
Common Mistakes: 1) This sense overlaps heavily with के ज़रिए (ke zarie) and के माध्यम से (ke maadhyam se); द्वारा (dvaaraa) is the most formal-sounding of the three and is preferred in written notices, application forms, and official correspondence rather than casual speech.
Sample Sentences:
कृपया ईमेल द्वारा सूचित करें।
Please inform us via email.
(kripyaa iimel dvaaraa soochit karen।)
यह जानकारी फोन द्वारा नहीं दी जा सकती।
This information cannot be given over the phone.
(yah jaankaarii phon dvaaraa nahiin dii jaa saktii।)
आवेदन डाक द्वारा भेजा गया था।
The application was sent by post.
(aavedan daak dvaaraa bhejaa gayaa thaa।)
बैंक हर महीने एसएमएस द्वारा खाते की जानकारी भेजता है।
The bank sends account information via SMS every month.
(baink har mahiine esaemaes dvaaraa khaate kii jaankaarii bhejtaa hai।)
अगर तुम बातचीत द्वारा यह मसला सुलझा लो, तो झगड़े की ज़रूरत नहीं पड़ेगी।
If you resolve this matter through conversation, there won't be any need for a fight.
(agar tum baatchiit dvaaraa yah maslaa suljhaa lo, to jhagde kii zaroorat nahiin padegii।)
सरकार चाहती है कि लोग ऑनलाइन पोर्टल द्वारा टैक्स भरें।
The government wants people to pay tax through the online portal.
(sarkaar chaahtii hai ki log onlaain portal dvaaraa taiks bharen।)
अगर मैं यह काम बातचीत द्वारा कर पाता, तो इतना समय न लगता।
If I could have done this work through discussion, it wouldn't have taken so long.
(agar main yah kaam baatchiit dvaaraa kar paataa, to itnaa samay n lagtaa।)
यह मशीन सौर ऊर्जा द्वारा चलती है।
This machine runs on solar energy.
(yah mashiin saur oorjaa dvaaraa chaltii hai।)
कंपनी ने कर्मचारियों को व्हाट्सऐप द्वारा सूचना भेज दी है।
The company has sent the notice to employees via WhatsApp.
(kampnii ne karmchaariyon ko vhaatsaaip dvaaraa soochnaa bhej dii hai।)
फॉर्म कोरियर द्वारा भेजें, स्पीड पोस्ट द्वारा नहीं।
Send the form by courier, not by speed post.
(phorm koriyar dvaaraa bhejen, spiid post dvaaraa nahiin।)