के द्वारा (ke dvaaraa)

postposition A compound postposition meaning 'by' or 'through' -- marks the agent or means/instrument of an action, most common in formal, written, and passive constructions. Inline related to द्वारा (dvaaraa), its shorter form used the same way.

Sense 1 : by (agent of an action, especially passive)

postposition Follows the oblique form of the noun it governs, e.g. महात्मा गांधी के द्वारा (mahaatmaa gaandhii ke dvaaraa, 'by Mahatma Gandhi'). Very frequent in passive-voice sentences (X के द्वारा किया गया, 'done by X') and in formal writing like notices, news, and official documents.

Synonyms: द्वारा (dvaaraa, shorter variant, more common)

Frequency: medium

Cultural Note: You will see के द्वारा (ke dvaaraa) constantly on government forms, courier slips, and formal letters -- for instance 'भेजने वाले के द्वारा' (bhejne vaale ke dvaaraa, 'by the sender') -- because it has that official, written-register flavor English speakers might associate with 'via' or 'per' in bureaucratic English. In spoken Hindi among friends and family, से (se) or plain द्वारा (dvaaraa) often takes over this job more casually.

Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often use से (se) where के द्वारा (ke dvaaraa) is more natural for expressing 'by [a person]' in passive or formal contexts -- से leans toward instrument/means ('with, using') while के द्वारा leans toward the doer or formal channel. 2) In everyday speech, native speakers usually just say द्वारा (dvaaraa) alone rather than the fuller के द्वारा, which can sound slightly bookish or bureaucratic in casual conversation.

Sample Sentences:

यह पत्र प्रधानमंत्री के द्वारा लिखा गया है। This letter has been written by the Prime Minister.

(yah patr pradhaanmantrii ke dvaaraa likhaa gayaa hai।)

यह निर्णय अदालत के द्वारा लिया जाएगा। This decision will be taken by the court.

(yah nirnay adaalat ke dvaaraa liyaa jaaegaa।)

यह योजना सरकार के द्वारा बनाई गई थी। This scheme had been formulated by the government.

(yah yojnaa sarkaar ke dvaaraa banaaii gaii thii।)

पार्सल भेजने वाले के द्वारा हस्ताक्षर किया जाना चाहिए। The signature should be done by the sender of the parcel.

(paarsal bhejne vaale ke dvaaraa hastaakshar kiyaa jaanaa chaahie।)

कृपया इस फॉर्म को अधिकृत अधिकारी के द्वारा प्रमाणित करवाएँ। Please get this form certified by an authorized officer.

(kripyaa is phorm ko adhikrit adhikaarii ke dvaaraa pramaanit karvaaen।)

यदि यह मुकदमा जज के द्वारा सुना जाता तो फैसला अलग होता। If this case had been heard by the judge, the verdict would have been different.

(yadi yah mukadmaa jaj ke dvaaraa sunaa jaataa to phaislaa alag hotaa।)

सभी शिकायतें उपभोक्ता मंच के द्वारा सुनी जाती हैं। All complaints are heard by the consumer forum.

(sabhii shikaayten upbhoktaa manch ke dvaaraa sunii jaatii hain।)

क्या यह इमारत नगर निगम के द्वारा बनाई गई थी? Was this building constructed by the municipal corporation?

(kyaa yah imaarat nagar nigam ke dvaaraa banaaii gaii thii?)

नियुक्ति पत्र मानव संसाधन विभाग के द्वारा जारी किया गया। The appointment letter was issued by the HR department.

(niyukti patr maanav sansaadhan vibhaag ke dvaaraa jaarii kiyaa gayaa।)

अध्यक्ष के द्वारा बुलाई गई बैठक कल होगी। The meeting called by the chairman will be held tomorrow.

(adhyaksh ke dvaaraa bulaaii gaii baithak kal hogii।)

Sense 2 : through, by means of (channel or medium)

postposition Used to mark a medium or channel through which something happens, e.g. समाचार पत्र के द्वारा (samaachaar patr ke dvaaraa, 'through the newspaper').

Synonyms: से (se), के ज़रिये (ke zariye)

Frequency: low

Cultural Note: This sense shows up often in news reports and announcements -- 'रेडियो के द्वारा सूचना दी गई' (rediyo ke dvaaraa soochnaa dii gaii, 'information was given through the radio') -- carrying that same formal, official register as the agent sense above, since both come from the same root idea of द्वारा (dvaaraa) as a 'gateway' or 'means.'

Sample Sentences:

यह सूचना रेडियो के द्वारा दी गई। This information was given through the radio.

(yah soochnaa rediyo ke dvaaraa dii gaii।)

सरकार जनता को टेलीविज़न के द्वारा संदेश भेजती है। The government sends messages to the public through television.

(sarkaar jantaa ko teliivizan ke dvaaraa sandesh bhejtii hai।)

कृपया अपनी शिकायत ईमेल के द्वारा दर्ज करें। Please register your complaint through email.

(kripyaa apnii shikaayat iimel ke dvaaraa darj karen।)

यह जानकारी अखबार के द्वारा लोगों तक पहुँचाई जाएगी। This information will be conveyed to the people through the newspaper.

(yah jaankaarii akhbaar ke dvaaraa logon tak pahunchaaii jaaegii।)

अगर यह खबर सोशल मीडिया के द्वारा फैलाई जाती, तो ज़्यादा लोग जान पाते। If this news had been spread through social media, more people would have found out.

(agar yah khabar soshal miidiyaa ke dvaaraa phailaaii jaatii, to zyaadaa log jaan paate।)

आवेदन डाक के द्वारा भी भेजा जा सकता है। The application can also be sent through post.

(aavedan daak ke dvaaraa bhii bhejaa jaa saktaa hai।)

प्रशासन ने लाउडस्पीकर के द्वारा चेतावनी दी। The administration gave a warning through loudspeakers.

(prashaasan ne laaudaspiikar ke dvaaraa chetaavnii dii।)

मुमकिन है कि यह संदेश उपग्रह के द्वारा भेजा जाए। It is possible that this message might be sent via satellite.

(mumkin hai ki yah sandesh upagrah ke dvaaraa bhejaa jaae।)