के ऊपर (ke oopar)

postposition A compound postposition meaning 'on top of / above' both literally (physical position) and figuratively (about a topic, or in charge over someone); built from ऊपर (oopar, 'up/above') governed by के (ke).
Sense 1 : physically on top of / above
postposition Takes the oblique case on the preceding noun, like other compound postpositions ending in ऊपर (oopar).
Synonyms: पर (par, shorter/more common in this sense)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: Think of के ऊपर (ke oopar) as the fuller, more deliberate version of पर (par) -- you reach for it when you want to emphasize height or 'on top of-ness,' like a cat sitting अलमारी के ऊपर (almaarii ke oopar, 'on top of the cupboard') rather than just somewhere on it.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach for के ऊपर (ke oopar) by default when simple पर (par) would sound more natural in everyday speech -- मेज़ पर (mez par, 'on the table') is more common than मेज़ के ऊपर (mez ke oopar) unless you want to stress 'on top of' as opposed to some other position.
Sample Sentences:
बिल्ली अलमारी के ऊपर बैठी है। The cat is sitting on top of the cupboard.
(billii almaarii ke oopar baithii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मेज़ के ऊपर एक किताब रखी थी। A book was placed on top of the table.
(mez ke oopar ek kitaab rakhii thii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
पहाड़ के ऊपर बर्फ जमी रहती है। Snow keeps accumulating on top of the mountain.
(pahaad ke oopar barph jamii rahtii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अपना बैग सिर के ऊपर मत रखो, गिर जाएगा। Don't keep your bag on top of your head, it'll fall.
(apnaa baig sir ke oopar mat rakho, gir jaaegaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर बादल घर के ऊपर मंडरा रहे होते, तो हम छाता ले जाते। If the clouds had been hovering above the house, we would have taken an umbrella.
(agar baadal ghar ke oopar mandraa rahe hote, to ham chhaataa le jaate।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Continuous -- Voice: Active
पुल के ऊपर से गाड़ियाँ गुज़र रही हैं। Vehicles are passing over the bridge.
(pul ke oopar se gaadiyaan guzar rahii hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
चिड़िया घोंसले के ऊपर उड़ेगी। The bird will fly above the nest.
(chidiyaa ghonsle ke oopar udegii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम अलमारी के ऊपर से वह डिब्बा उतार सकते हो? Can you take that box down from on top of the cupboard?
(kyaa tum almaarii ke oopar se vah dibbaa utaar sakte ho?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
शायद तस्वीर सोफ़े के ऊपर लगाई जाए। Perhaps the picture should be hung above the sofa.
(shaayad tasviir sofe ke oopar lagaaii jaae।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
मंदिर के गुंबद के ऊपर एक स्वर्ण कलश सुशोभित है। A golden pot adorns the top of the temple's dome.
(mandir ke gumbad ke oopar ek svarn kalash sushobhit hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
बच्चों ने खिलौने बिस्तर के ऊपर बिखेर दिए। The children scattered the toys on top of the bed.
(bachchon ne khilaune bistar ke oopar bikher die।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : about, concerning (a topic)
postposition Used after nouns denoting topics of speech, writing, or thought, e.g. भारत के ऊपर एक किताब (bhaarat ke oopar ek kitaab, 'a book about India').
Synonyms: के बारे में (ke baare men)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: You will hear this in academic or semi-formal contexts -- a teacher might say निबंध किस विषय के ऊपर लिखना है (nibandh kis vishay ke oopar likhnaa hai, 'what topic should the essay be written on'), where के बारे में (ke baare men) would work just as well but sounds a touch more casual.
Common Mistakes: 1) के बारे में (ke baare men) is the more common and neutral choice for 'about a topic' in conversation; के ऊपर (ke oopar) in this sense can sound slightly more formal or bookish, especially with essays, speeches, and lectures.
Sample Sentences:
यह किताब भारत के इतिहास के ऊपर लिखी गई है। This book has been written about the history of India.
(yah kitaab bhaarat ke itihaas ke oopar likhii gaii hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
निबंध किस विषय के ऊपर लिखना है? What topic should the essay be written on?
(nibandh kis vishay ke oopar likhnaa hai?)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
प्रोफेसर साहब पर्यावरण के ऊपर एक लंबा भाषण देंगे। The professor will give a long speech about the environment.
(prophesar saahab paryaavran ke oopar ek lambaa bhaashan denge।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
क्या तुमने कभी अर्थव्यवस्था के ऊपर कोई लेख पढ़ा है? Have you ever read an article about the economy?
(kyaa tumne kabhii arthavyvasthaa ke oopar koii lekh padhaa hai?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
वह हमेशा राजनीति के ऊपर बहस करता रहता है। He is always debating about politics.
(vah hameshaa raajniiti ke oopar bahas kartaa rahtaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
कृपया इस मुद्दे के ऊपर अपनी राय दीजिए। Please give your opinion about this issue.
(kripyaa is mudde ke oopar apnii raay diijie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर समय मिलता तो मैं इस विषय के ऊपर और शोध करता। If I had gotten the time, I would have done more research on this subject.
(agar samay miltaa to main is vishay ke oopar aur shodh kartaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
समिति ने बजट के ऊपर एक रिपोर्ट तैयार की है। The committee has prepared a report about the budget.
(samiti ne bajat ke oopar ek riport taiyaar kii hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
शायद वे धर्म के ऊपर कोई सम्मेलन आयोजित करें। Perhaps they will organize a conference about religion.
(shaayad ve dharm ke oopar koii sammelan aayojit karen।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
इस फ़िल्म के ऊपर बहुत सारी समीक्षाएँ लिखी जा रही हैं। A lot of reviews are being written about this film.
(is film ke oopar bahut saarii samiikshaaen likhii jaa rahii hain।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Sense 3 : over, in authority over (a person)
postposition Used with people to mark hierarchical or supervisory relationships, e.g. मेरे ऊपर एक बॉस है (mere oopar ek bos hai, 'I have a boss above me').
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: This use captures the very Hindi habit of picturing authority spatially -- a boss is literally 'above' you (मेरे ऊपर (mere oopar)), just as responsibility or debt is also framed as sitting 'on top of' a person, which connects to the burden sense below.
Common Mistakes: 1) This sense overlaps with a bare ऊपर (oopar) plus a pronoun in oblique form (मेरे ऊपर (mere oopar)) rather than के ऊपर (ke oopar) after a full noun -- learners sometimes insert के (ke) unnecessarily after pronouns that already carry the oblique marking, producing an awkward double marking.
Sample Sentences:
मेरे ऊपर एक मैनेजर है। There is a manager above me.
(mere oopar ek mainejar hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
इस दफ्तर में उसके ऊपर कोई नहीं है। In this office, there is no one above him.
(is daphtar men uske oopar koii nahiin hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
पहले वह मेरे ऊपर था, फिर उसका तबादला हो गया। Earlier he was above me, then he got transferred.
(pahle vah mere oopar thaa, phir uskaa tabaadlaa ho gayaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर तुम इतनी मेहनत करो तो एक दिन तुम अपने बॉस के भी ऊपर पहुँच सकते हो। If you work this hard, one day you might even get above your boss.
(agar tum itnii mehnat karo to ek din tum apne bos ke bhii oopar pahunch sakte ho।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
सेना में जनरल सबके ऊपर होता है। In the army, the general is above everyone.
(senaa men janral sabke oopar hotaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
काश मेरे ऊपर कोई न होता, तो मैं जो चाहता वह करता। If only no one were above me, I would do whatever I wanted.
(kaash mere oopar koii n hotaa, to main jo chaahtaa vah kartaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
राष्ट्रपति संविधान के अनुसार सेनाध्यक्ष के ऊपर होता है। According to the constitution, the president is above the army chief.
(raashtrapti sanvidhaan ke anusaar senaadhyaksh ke oopar hotaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यह मत भूलो कि तुमसे ऊपर भी कोई बैठा है। Don't forget that there is someone above you too.
(yah mat bhoolo ki tumse oopar bhii koii baithaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
इस कंपनी में सीईओ के ऊपर सिर्फ बोर्ड होता है। In this company, only the board is above the CEO.
(is kampnii men siiiio ke oopar sirph bord hotaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Sense 4 : on someone (a burden, responsibility, or debt)
postposition Common in expressions of debt, blame, or duty resting on a person, e.g. उसके ऊपर कर्ज़ है (uske oopar karz hai, 'he has debt on him').
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: Hindi frequently frames abstract burdens as physically sitting on a person -- ज़िम्मेदारी उसके ऊपर है (zimmedaarii uske oopar hai, 'the responsibility is on him') pictures duty the same way English does with 'weight on one's shoulders,' but here it is baked right into the grammar rather than being a special idiom.
Sample Sentences:
इस घर का सारा कर्ज़ उसके ऊपर है। The entire debt of this house is on him.
(is ghar kaa saaraa karz uske oopar hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
बच्चों की पढ़ाई की ज़िम्मेदारी मेरे ऊपर है। The responsibility for the children's education is on me.
(bachchon kii padhaaii kii zimmedaarii mere oopar hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
जब पिताजी नहीं रहे, तो पूरे परिवार का बोझ उसके ऊपर आ गया। When father passed away, the burden of the whole family fell on him.
(jab pitaajii nahiin rahe, to poore parivaar kaa bojh uske oopar aa gayaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
यह काम पूरा करने की जिम्मेदारी अब तुम्हारे ऊपर है। The responsibility to finish this work is now on you.
(yah kaam pooraa karne kii jimmedaarii ab tumhaare oopar hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर यह काम बिगड़ा, तो सारा दोष तुम्हारे ऊपर आएगा। If this work goes wrong, the entire blame will come onto you.
(agar yah kaam bigdaa, to saaraa dosh tumhaare oopar aaegaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
काश यह कर्ज़ मेरे ऊपर न होता। I wish this debt were not on me.
(kaash yah karz mere oopar n hotaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
यह ज़िम्मेदारी अकेले उसके ऊपर मत डालो। Don't put this responsibility on him alone.
(yah zimmedaarii akele uske oopar mat daalo।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
यह भार उसके ऊपर बहुत पहले से डाला गया था। This burden was placed on him long ago.
(yah bhaar uske oopar bahut pahle se daalaa gayaa thaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
महामहिम, राष्ट्र की सुरक्षा का दायित्व आपके ऊपर है। Your Excellency, the duty of protecting the nation is upon you.
(mahaamahim, raashtr kii surakshaa kaa daayitv aapke oopar hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
हो सकता है कि यह ज़िम्मेदारी उसके ऊपर डाल दी जाए। It's possible that this responsibility might be placed on him.
(ho saktaa hai ki yah zimmedaarii uske oopar daal dii jaae।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Passive