पर (par)

conjunction/postposition Two distinct words sharing a spelling: a very common conjunction meaning 'but', and a postposition meaning 'on/at/upon' (a shorter, everyday alternative to ऊपर (oopar)).
Sense 1 : but, however
conjunction
Synonyms: लेकिन (lekin), मगर (magar), किंतु (kintu, formal/literary)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: This is one of the first 'but' words a learner picks up because it is short and everywhere: in chai-shop arguments, family debates, and Bollywood dialogue alike. Note that it looks identical to the postposition पर (par, 'on'), but the two are unrelated in meaning and you will never confuse them once you see them in a sentence.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners often reach only for लेकिन (lekin) and forget that पर (par) is just as common in speech, especially at the start of a clarifying or contrasting clause. 2) पर (par) can feel slightly softer or more conversational than लेकिन (lekin), but this is a matter of feel, not a hard rule -- both are used constantly in everyday talk.
Sample Sentences:
मैं जाना चाहता था, पर समय नहीं था। I wanted to go, but there was no time.
(main jaanaa chaahtaa thaa, par samay nahiin thaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
वह पढ़ने में अच्छी है, पर बोलने में झिझकती है। She's good at reading, but she hesitates when speaking.
(vah padhne men achchhii hai, par bolne men jhijhaktii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
तुम आ जाओ, पर जल्दी करना। Come over, but hurry up.
(tum aa jaao, par jaldii karnaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
अगर पैसे होते, पर होते तो हम विदेश घूम आते। If we had had money, but if we had, we would have travelled abroad.
(agar paise hote, par hote to ham videsh ghoom aate।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
खाना बन चुका है, पर मेज़ अभी नहीं लगी। The food is already made, but the table isn't set yet.
(khaanaa ban chukaa hai, par mez abhii nahiin lagii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
वह शायद माफ़ी माँग ले, पर इसकी उम्मीद कम है। He might apologize, but the chances are slim.
(vah shaayad maafii maang le, par iskii ummiid kam hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
चाय बहुत गरम थी, पर उसने फिर भी पी ली। The tea was very hot, but she drank it anyway.
(chaay bahut garam thii, par usne phir bhii pii lii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
काम मुश्किल ज़रूर है, पर नामुमकिन नहीं। The task is certainly difficult, but it's not impossible.
(kaam mushkil zaroor hai, par naamumkin nahiin।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
दिल्ली में सर्दी बहुत पड़ती है, पर बर्फ़ कभी नहीं गिरती। Delhi gets very cold in winter, but it never snows.
(dillii men sardii bahut padtii hai, par barf kabhii nahiin girtii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
प्रस्ताव आकर्षक अवश्य है, पर इसके परिणामों पर विचार करना आवश्यक है। The proposal is certainly attractive, but it is necessary to consider its consequences.
(prastaav aakarshak avashy hai, par iske parinaamon par vichaar karnaa aavashyak hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
प्रेम सहज लगता है, पर उसका निभाना सबसे कठिन कार्य है। Love seems simple, but sustaining it is the hardest task of all.
(prem sahaj lagtaa hai, par uskaa nibhaanaa sabse kathin kaary hai।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : on, at, upon
postposition Takes the oblique case on the preceding noun, like other simple postpositions; also used for point-in-time and point-of-contact meanings (मेज़ पर (mez par, 'on the table'), शाम को पर बात करेंगे is wrong -- रविवार पर is also wrong; time expressions like this normally take को, not पर, so पर is reserved for surfaces, points of location, and certain fixed expressions).
Synonyms: ऊपर (oopar, often used for physical 'on top of')
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: Physically, पर (par) is the workhorse word for anything resting on a surface: चाय मेज़ पर है (chaay mez par hai, 'the tea is on the table'). It also shows up abstractly in expressions of dependence or basis, like इस बात पर (is baat par, 'on this matter/point'), which is a very natural extension once you picture 'on' as the point something rests or depends on.
Common Mistakes: 1) पर (par) is used for a resting surface or a point of contact (मेज़ पर किताब है (mez par kitaab hai, 'the book is on the table')), but learners often overextend it to general location where में (men) ('in') is correct -- कमरे में है, not कमरे पर है, for 'is in the room'. 2) It also marks the object of certain fixed expressions like ध्यान देना (dhyaan denaa) 'to pay attention to', e.g. इस पर ध्यान दो (is par dhyaan do, 'pay attention to this') -- the पर here doesn't translate literally as 'on' in English.
Sample Sentences:
चाय मेज़ पर है। The tea is on the table.
(chaay mez par hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
किताबें अलमारी पर रखी थीं। The books had been kept on the shelf.
(kitaaben almaarii par rakhii thiin।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
बच्चा फर्श पर बैठा है। The child is sitting on the floor.
(bachchaa pharsh par baithaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अपना सामान मेज़ पर रख दो। Put your things on the table.
(apnaa saamaan mez par rakh do।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
इस बात पर हमें और सोचना चाहिए। We should think more on this matter.
(is baat par hamen aur sochnaa chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर वह छत पर होता, तो हमें दिख जाता। If he had been on the roof, we would have seen him.
(agar vah chhat par hotaa, to hamen dikh jaataa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
यह फैसला सबूतों पर आधारित है। This decision is based on the evidence.
(yah phaislaa sabooton par aadhaarit hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
उसकी सफलता उसकी मेहनत पर टिकी है। Her success rests on her hard work.
(uskii saphaltaa uskii mehnat par tikii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
दीवार पर एक तस्वीर टँगी हुई थी। A picture was hanging on the wall.
(diivaar par ek tasviir tangii huii thii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
क्या यह सब उसकी बात पर निर्भर करेगा? Will all this depend on what he says?
(kyaa yah sab uskii baat par nirbhar karegaa?)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
हर फ़ैसले पर बहस करने की ज़रूरत नहीं। There's no need to argue about every decision.
(har faisle par bahas karne kii zaroorat nahiin।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active