करना (karnaa)

verb One of the most common verbs in Hindi: covers 'to do' a general action, 'to make/render' a state, the productive light-verb pattern that builds countless compound verbs (फ़ोन करना (fon karnaa)), and extended senses for holding a job/pursuing study and for behaving in a certain way.
Sense 1 : to do, to perform an action
verb, transitive
Synonyms: अंजाम देना (anjaam denaa, formal), निभाना (nibhaanaa, to fulfill a role)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: करना is the default 'do' verb you reach for constantly in daily conversation -- क्या कर रहे हो? (kyaa kar rahe ho, 'what are you doing?') is one of the first full sentences most learners produce.
Common Mistakes: 1) The perfective past agrees with the object, not the subject: मैंने पढ़ाई की (mainne padhaaii kii, 'I studied') agrees with the feminine पढ़ाई, not with मैंने. 2) For physical creation, बनाना (banaanaa) is usually the right word, not करना: चाय बनाना (chaay banaanaa, 'to make tea'), not चाय करना.
Sample Sentences:
तुम क्या कर रहे हो? What are you doing?
(tum kyaa kar rahe ho?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मैं रोज़ सुबह यह काम करता हूँ। I do this work every morning.
(main roz subah yah kaam kartaa hoon।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसने कल यह काम किया था। He had done this work yesterday.
(usne kal yah kaam kiyaa thaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
यह काम कर दो। Get this work done.
(yah kaam kar do।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
कृपया यह फ़ॉर्म भर कर जमा करें। Please fill out and submit this form.
(kripyaa yah form bhar kar jamaa karen।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
यह काम कल तक कर लिया जाएगा। This work will be done by tomorrow.
(yah kaam kal tak kar liyaa jaaegaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Passive
अगर मुझे समय मिलता, तो मैं यह काम कर देता। If I had gotten the time, I would have done this work.
(agar mujhe samay miltaa, to main yah kaam kar detaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
शायद वह यह काम आज ही कर दे। Maybe he will do this work today itself.
(shaayad vah yah kaam aaj hii kar de।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
यह काम सही तरीके से किया जाना चाहिए। This work should be done properly.
(yah kaam sahii tariike se kiyaa jaanaa chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
मैं यह काम कर रहा था जब फ़ोन आया। I was doing this work when the phone rang.
(main yah kaam kar rahaa thaa jab fon aayaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
क्या करूँ, समझ नहीं आता। What should I do, I just can't understand.
(kyaa karoon, samajh nahiin aataa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
Sense 2 : light verb pairing with a noun to form a specific verb (to love, wait, help, talk, marry, etc.)
verb, transitive Combines with an abstract noun to create one verbal meaning: प्यार करना (pyaar karnaa, 'to love'), इंतज़ार करना (intzaar karnaa, 'to wait'), मदद करना (madad karnaa, 'to help'), बात करना (baat karnaa, 'to talk'), शादी करना (shaadii karnaa, 'to marry').
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: This is the single most productive word-formation pattern in conversational Hindi -- new verbs for modern concepts get coined this way constantly, like फ़ोन करना (fon karnaa, 'to phone') or टेंशन करना (tenshan karnaa, 'to stress out').
Common Mistakes: 1) Each noun+करना pair takes its own postposition for the 'target': इंतज़ार करना takes का (kaa) -- उसका इंतज़ार करना (uskaa intzaar karnaa, 'to wait for him') -- while मदद करना takes की (kii) -- उसकी मदद करना (uskii madad karnaa, 'to help him'); these don't map directly from English 'wait for/help.'
Sample Sentences:
मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ। I love you.
(main tumse pyaar kartaa hoon।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
ज़रा रुको, मैं पापा को फ़ोन कर रही हूँ। Wait a sec, I'm calling Dad.
(zaraa ruko, main paapaa ko fon kar rahii hoon।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
इतना टेंशन मत करो, सब ठीक हो जाएगा। Don't stress out so much, everything will be fine.
(itnaa tenshan mat karo, sab thiik ho jaaegaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
हम स्टेशन पर तुम्हारा इंतज़ार करेंगे। We will wait for you at the station.
(ham steshan par tumhaaraa intzaar karenge।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
उसने कल अपनी गर्लफ्रेंड से शादी कर ली। He married his girlfriend yesterday.
(usne kal apnii garlaphrend se shaadii kar lii।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर तुम मुझसे बात करते तो मुझे इतना बुरा नहीं लगता। If you had talked to me, I wouldn't have felt so bad.
(agar tum mujhse baat karte to mujhe itnaa buraa nahiin lagtaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
क्या तुम मेरी थोड़ी मदद कर सकते हो? Can you help me a little?
(kyaa tum merii thodii madad kar sakte ho?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उम्मीद है वह मुझे जल्दी जवाब देगी, वैसे मैं थोड़ा इंतज़ार कर सकता हूँ। I hope she replies soon, though I can wait a bit.
(ummiid hai vah mujhe jaldii javaab degii, vaise main thodaa intzaar kar saktaa hoon।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
यह काम पहले ही किया जा चुका है। This work has already been done.
(yah kaam pahle hii kiyaa jaa chukaa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
कृपया शांति बनाए रखें और एक-दूसरे से सम्मान से बात करें। Please maintain calm and speak to one another respectfully.
(kripyaa shaanti banaae rakhen aur ek-doosre se sammaan se baat karen।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
आज के ज़माने में हर छोटी बात के लिए एक नया शब्द बन जाता है, जैसे व्हाट्सऐप करना। These days a new word gets coined for every little thing, like 'to WhatsApp.'
(aaj ke zamaane men har chhotii baat ke lie ek nayaa shabd ban jaataa hai, jaise vhaatsaaip karnaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
Sense 3 : to make, to render (a state), typically adjective + करना
verb, transitive Pairs with an adjective to mean 'make X': साफ़ करना (saaf karnaa, 'to clean'), ठीक करना (thiik karnaa, 'to fix'), बड़ा करना (badaa karnaa, 'to enlarge').
Synonyms: बनाना (banaanaa, overlaps in some contexts)
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: This adjective-plus-करना pattern is Hindi's everyday causative -- ठीक करना (thiik karnaa) literally 'to make right' covers everything from fixing a leaky tap to patching up an argument.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes reach for बनाना (banaanaa) here out of habit: कमरा साफ़ करो (kamraa saaf karo, 'clean the room') is natural, not कमरा साफ़ बनाओ.
Sample Sentences:
पहले कमरे को साफ़ करो, फिर खाना खाना। First clean the room, then eat.
(pahle kamre ko saaf karo, phir khaanaa khaanaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
मैंने अपनी गलती ठीक कर दी। I fixed my mistake.
(mainne apnii galtii thiik kar dii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
वह हर बार माहौल को हल्का कर देता है। He lightens the mood every time.
(vah har baar maahaul ko halkaa kar detaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मिस्त्री दरवाज़े को मज़बूत कर रहा है। The carpenter is making the door sturdy.
(mistrii darvaaze ko mazboot kar rahaa hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर वह थोड़ी कोशिश करता तो बात साफ़ कर देता। If he had tried a little, he would have cleared up the matter.
(agar vah thodii koshish kartaa to baat saaf kar detaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
सरकार जल्द ही सड़कों को सुरक्षित करेगी। The government will make the roads safe soon.
(sarkaar jald hii sadkon ko surakshit karegii।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
यह ज़रूरी है कि हम इस समस्या को हल करें। It is necessary that we resolve this problem.
(yah zaroorii hai ki ham is samasyaa ko hal karen।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
दस्तावेज़ को अंतिम रूप से तैयार किया गया। The document was finally made ready.
(dastaavez ko antim roop se taiyaar kiyaa gayaa।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Passive
डॉक्टर ने दवा से उसका दर्द कम कर दिया। The doctor reduced his pain with medicine.
(doktar ne davaa se uskaa dard kam kar diyaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
काश कोई इस दुनिया को बेहतर कर पाता। If only someone could make this world better.
(kaash koii is duniyaa ko behtar kar paataa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
थोड़ा जल्दी करो, इस चाय को ठंडा मत करो। Hurry up a bit, don't let this tea go cold.
(thodaa jaldii karo, is chaay ko thandaa mat karo।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
Sense 4 : to engage in, hold, or pursue (a job, course of study, or ongoing activity)
verb, transitive Used with nouns for professions, degrees, or sustained activities: नौकरी करना (naukrii karnaa, 'to hold a job'), MBA करना (MBA karnaa, 'to do an MBA'), UPSC की तैयारी करना (UPSC kii taiyaarii karnaa, 'to prepare for the UPSC exam').
Frequency: high
Cultural Note: वह क्या करता है? (vah kyaa kartaa hai, 'what does he do for a living?') is the standard way to ask about someone's profession -- expect this question at every family gathering.
Common Mistakes: 1) This sense describes an ongoing state rather than a one-off action, so it favors the habitual: मैं नौकरी करता हूँ (main naukrii kartaa hoon, 'I have a job') is far more natural than a completed-action framing.
Sample Sentences:
वह क्या करता है? What does he do for a living?
(vah kyaa kartaa hai?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मैं दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय से एम.ए. कर रहा हूँ। I'm doing my M.A. from Delhi University.
(main dillii vishvvidyaalay se em.e. kar rahaa hoon।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
मेरी बहन एक मल्टीनैशनल कंपनी में नौकरी करती है। My sister has a job at a multinational company.
(merii bahan ek maltiinaishnal kampnii men naukrii kartii hai।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसने पिछले साल इंजीनियरिंग की पढ़ाई पूरी की। He completed his engineering studies last year.
(usne pichhle saal injiiniyring kii padhaaii poorii kii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर पैसे की तंगी न होती तो मैं भी एम.बी.ए. करता। If money weren't tight, I'd be doing an MBA too.
(agar paise kii tangii n hotii to main bhii em.bii.e. kartaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
अगली गर्मियों में मैं इंटर्नशिप करूँगा। I'll do an internship next summer.
(aglii garmiyon men main intarnship karoongaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
पहले कोई ठीक-ठाक कोर्स कर लो, फिर नौकरी की सोचना। First finish some decent course, then think about a job.
(pahle koii thiik-thaak kors kar lo, phir naukrii kii sochnaa।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
यह ज़रूरी है कि आप बी.एड. करें, तभी सरकारी स्कूल में पढ़ा सकेंगे। It's necessary that you complete a B.Ed., only then can you teach in a government school.
(yah zaroorii hai ki aap bii.ed. karen, tabhii sarkaarii skool men padhaa sakenge।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Voice: Active
यह कोर्स ऑनलाइन ही कराया जाता है। This course is conducted only online.
(yah kors onlaain hii karaayaa jaataa hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
रिश्तेदार मिलते ही पूछते हैं, "बेटा, अब क्या कर रहे हो?" The relatives, as soon as they meet you, ask, "Son, what are you doing these days?"
(rishtedaar milte hii poochhte hain, "betaa, ab kyaa kar rahe ho?")
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उन दिनों वह एक साथ नौकरी और पी.एच.डी. दोनों करता था। In those days, he was doing both a job and a Ph.D. simultaneously.
(un dinon vah ek saath naukrii aur pii.ech.dii. donon kartaa thaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
Sense 5 : to behave, to act (in a specified manner)
verb, transitive Takes a manner word rather than a concrete object: बच्चों जैसा मत करो (bachchon jaisaa mat karo, 'don't act like a child'), अच्छा करना (achchhaa karnaa, 'to behave well/do the right thing').
Synonyms: पेश आना (pesh aanaa, to treat/behave -- with से), व्यवहार करना (vyavahaar karnaa, formal)
Frequency: medium
Cultural Note: A parent scolding ऐसा मत करो! (aisaa mat karo, 'don't act like that!') is leaning on this behavioral sense rather than the literal 'do' sense -- the presence of a manner word, not an object, is the giveaway.
Common Mistakes: 1) Learners sometimes look for a separate 'behave' verb; Hindi just extends करना with जैसा (jaisaa) or a manner word instead of needing a distinct verb.
Sample Sentences:
ऐसा मत करो! Don't act like that!
(aisaa mat karo!)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Imperative -- Voice: Active
वह हमेशा बच्चों जैसा करता है। He always behaves like a child.
(vah hameshaa bachchon jaisaa kartaa hai।)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Habitual -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
तुम मेरे साथ इतना बुरा क्यों कर रहे हो? Why are you behaving so badly with me?
(tum mere saath itnaa buraa kyon kar rahe ho?)
Register: Casual -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Continuous -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
उसने मेहमानों के साथ बहुत अच्छा किया। He behaved very well with the guests.
(usne mehmaanon ke saath bahut achchhaa kiyaa।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Indicative -- Aspect: Perfective -- Tense: Past -- Voice: Active
अगर तुम ऐसा करते तो लोग बुरा मानते। If you had behaved like that, people would have been offended.
(agar tum aisaa karte to log buraa maante।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Counterfactual -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
काश वह मेरे साथ इतनी बेरुखी से न करता। I wish he hadn't behaved so coldly with me.
(kaash vah mere saath itnii berukhii se n kartaa।)
Register: Literary -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Aspect: Habitual -- Voice: Active
बड़ों के सामने ऐसा नहीं करना चाहिए। One shouldn't behave like that in front of elders.
(badon ke saamne aisaa nahiin karnaa chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
अगर वह ऐसा करे, तो मुझे बहुत हैरानी होगी। If he behaves like that, I'll be very surprised.
(agar vah aisaa kare, to mujhe bahut hairaanii hogii।)
Register: Neutral -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Future -- Voice: Active
साक्षात्कार में शांति से पेश आना चाहिए, घबराकर नहीं करना चाहिए। One should stay calm in the interview, not act nervous.
(saakshaatkaar men shaanti se pesh aanaa chaahie, ghabraakar nahiin karnaa chaahie।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Active
समारोह में सबके साथ शालीनता से किया जाए, यही उम्मीद है। It is expected that everyone will be treated with decorum at the ceremony.
(samaaroh men sabke saath shaaliintaa se kiyaa jaae, yahii ummiid hai।)
Register: Formal -- Mood: Subjunctive -- Tense: Present -- Voice: Passive
Morphology
Verb (irregular)
infinitive: करना (karnaa)
infinitive oblique: करने (karne)
habitual/simple (sg.m): करता (kartaa)
habitual/simple (pl.m): करते (karte)
habitual/simple (sg.f): करती (kartii)
habitual/simple (pl.f): करतीं (kartiin)
continuous (sg.m): कर रहा (kar rahaa)
continuous (pl.m): कर रहे (kar rahe)
continuous (sg.f): कर रही (kar rahii)
continuous (pl.f): कर रहीं (kar rahiin)
perfective (sg.m): किया (kiyaa)
perfective (pl.m): किए (kie)
perfective (sg.f): की (kii)
perfective (pl.f): कीं (kiin)
imperative (informal): कर (kar)
imperative (neutral): करो (karo)
imperative (formal): कीजिए (kiijie)
future (1sg.m): करूँगा (karoongaa)
future (1sg.f): करूँगी (karoongii)
future (1pl.m): करेंगे (karenge)
future (1pl.f): करेंगी (karengii)
future (2sg.m): करेगा (karegaa)
future (2sg.f): करेगी (karegii)
future (2pl.m): करोगे (karoge)
future (2pl.f): करोगी (karogii)
future (3sg.m): करेगा (karegaa)
future (3sg.f): करेगी (karegii)
future (3pl.m): करेंगे (karenge)
future (3pl.f): करेंगी (karengii)
subjunctive (1sg): करूँ (karoon)
subjunctive (1pl): करें (karen)
subjunctive (2sg): करे (kare)
subjunctive (2pl): करो (karo)
subjunctive (3sg): करे (kare)
subjunctive (3pl): करें (karen)